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Resilient Packet Ring (RPR), standardized as IEEE 802.17, is a protocol standard for data transmission over fiber optic ring networks, that operates in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It provides a packet based transmission facility, with the aim of improving efficiency of Ethernet and IP services. RPR provides improved bandwidth utilization and throughput, greater speed of deployment, and optimized equipment and operational costs.Working PrincipleThe stations in a RPR are connected by dual counter rotating fiber optic rings called ringlets. Transmission occurs along both the rings. This helps to utilize the total available ... Read More
The String class objects are immutable whereas the StringBuffer and the StringBuilder objects are mutable.A StringBuffer is synchronized while a StringBuilder is not synchronized.A Concatenation operator "+" is internally implemented using either StringBuffer or StringBuilder.If the Object value is not going to change use String Class because a String object is immutable.If the Object value can change and will only be accessed from a single thread, use a StringBuilder because StringBuilder is unsynchronized.If the Object value can change and will be modified by multiple threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer is synchronized.
To disable the close button, let us first create a frame −JFrame frame = new JFrame("Login!");Use the setDefaultCloseOperation() to set the status of the close button. Set it to DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE to disable it −frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE);The following is an example to disable close button on a JFrame in Java −Examplepackage my; import java.awt.GridLayout; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JLabel; import javax.swing.JPasswordField; import javax.swing.JTextField; import javax.swing.SwingConstants; public class SwingDemo { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Login!"); JLabel label1, label2, label3; frame.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 2)); label1 = ... Read More
To concatenate fields, use the $concat operator. Let us first create a collection with documents −>db.concatenateFieldsDemo.insertOne({"StudentFirstName":"Adam", "StudentLastName":"Smith"}); { "acknowledged" : true, "insertedId" : ObjectId("5cd6ebf46d78f205348bc62e") } >db.concatenateFieldsDemo.insertOne({"StudentFirstName":"John", "StudentLastName":"Doe"}); { "acknowledged" : true, "insertedId" : ObjectId("5cd6ebfc6d78f205348bc62f") } >db.concatenateFieldsDemo.insertOne({"StudentFirstName":"David", "StudentLastName":"Miller"}); { "acknowledged" : true, "insertedId" : ObjectId("5cd6ec376d78f205348bc630") } >db.concatenateFieldsDemo.insertOne({"StudentFirstName":"Sam", "StudentLastName":"Williams"}); { "acknowledged" : true, "insertedId" : ObjectId("5cd6ec436d78f205348bc631") }Following is the query to display all documents from a collection with the help of find() method −> db.concatenateFieldsDemo.find().pretty();This will produce the following output −{ "_id" : ObjectId("5cd6ebf46d78f205348bc62e"), "StudentFirstName" : "Adam", "StudentLastName" : "Smith" } ... Read More
The strokeRect() method of the HTML canvas is used to create a rectangle on a web page. The element allows you to draw graphics on a web page using JavaScript. Every canvas has two elements that describes the height and width of the canvas i.e. height and width respectively.Following is the syntax −context.strokeRect(p, q, width, height);Above, p − The x-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the rectangleq − The y-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the rectanglewidth − Width of the rectangleheight − Height of the rectangleLet us now see an example to implement the strokeStyle property of canvas ... Read More
Generally, the copy constructor is a constructor which creates an object by initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created previously.Java supports for copy constructors but unlike C language, Java does not provide an explicit copy constructor you need to define it yourself.writing a copy constructorUsually, to initialize the values of instance variables of a class (one way) we create a parameterized constructor accepting the values for all instance variables and initialize them with the given values.int name; int age; public Student(String name, int age){ this.name = name; this.age ... Read More
The HTML DOM superscript Object represent the element of an HTML document.Let us see how to create superscript object −SyntaxFollowing is the syntax −document.createElement(“SUP”);ExampleLet us see an example of superscript object − Live Demo body { text-align: center; background-color: #fff; color: #0197F6; } h1 { color: #23CE6B; } .btn { background-color: #fff; border: 1.5px dashed #0197F6; height: 2rem; border-radius: 2px; width: 60%; ... Read More
The HTML DOM Local Storage clear() method is used for clearing the whole local storage entries.SyntaxFollowing is the syntax −localStorage.clear()OrsessionStorage.clear()ExampleLet us see an example for LocalStorage() method property − Live Demo LocalStorage clear() form { width:70%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: center; } * { padding: 2px; margin:5px; } input[type="button"] { border-radius: 10px; } table, th, td { border:1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 ... Read More
Here we will see what are the differences between size_t and int in C++. If we consider the standard, both are integers of size 16 bits.On a typical 64-bit system, the size_t will be 64-bit, but unsigned int will be 32 bit. So we cannot use them interchangeably.One standard recommendation is that the size_t be at most as big as an unsigned long. So you may think that we can use unsigned long in the place of size_t, but unsigned long on 64-bit system, if the OS ins Windows, will be of 32-bits, but size_t will be of 64-bits.Read More
Binary Countdown Protocol is a collision-free protocol that operates in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of the OSI model. In computer networks, when more than one station tries to transmit simultaneously via a shared channel, the transmitted data is garbled, an event called collision. Collision-free protocols resolves channel access while the stations are contending for the shared channel, thus eliminating any possibilities of collisions.Working Principle of Binary CountdownIn a binary countdown protocol, each station is assigned a binary address. The binary addresses are bit strings of equal lengths. When a station wants to transmit, it broadcasts its address to ... Read More