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Introduction Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) was created to offer a worldwide picture of the Earth's land surfaces, seas, and atmosphere, etc. Researchers were able to analyse numerous features of the Earth's surface, such as plant cover, land usage, and changes in water bodies, thanks to the satellite's multispectral scanner, which was equipped to record pictures in a variety of light wavelengths. The ERTS/Landsat program has undergone multiple revisions since its debut, with subsequent satellites carrying more sophisticated sensors and technology. Launch and Development of ERTS The first satellite to be launched with the intention of remotely sensing the ... Read More
Definition and Explanation of Direct Current Direct current (DC) is an electric current that flows in a single direction, with a consistent voltage and amplitude. Unlike alternating current (AC), which intermittently inverts direction, DC maintains a consistent polarity. It is regularly produced by batteries, generators, and electronic control supplies. DC is broadly utilised in electronic devices, such as computers, smartphones, and televisions, as well as in a range of industrial applications, including electroplating, electrolysis, and welding. It is additionally utilised for high-voltage power transmission over long distances, ... Read More
Introduction Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is used to wrap one protocol packet within another protocol packet. It is a tunneling technology that is used to encapsulate other protocols into IP packets, including IP, IPX, and AppleTalk. This encapsulation's goal is to enable data transfer across an IP network that would otherwise be impossible because of network limitations. Through the usage of GRE tunnels, two network devices may virtually connect to one another through an IP network, such as the Internet. The old packet is encapsulated in the new IP packet by the GRE tunnel, which also inserts a new ... Read More
Introduction Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) is the name of a shipbuilding business in Kolkata, India. The company was founded in 1884 and has been actively building ships for more than a century, making it one of the top shipbuilders in the nation. Government-owned GRSE is tasked with building and fixing a wide range of ships for both army and commercial usage. The business has constructed a wide variety of ships, including passenger ships, tankers, bulk carriers, patrol vessels, and warships. In addition to building ships, GRSE also designs, develops, and manufactures marine engines and offers services for ... Read More
Introduction Gateway Controller (GWC) could mean numerous things relying upon the unique circumstance. A GWC is typically a hardware or software element that mediates communications across various networks or systems. The GWC is a hub for managing and regulating the data flow between multiple systems and can carry out several tasks, including protocol conversion, information translation, security, and navigation. The GWC links several networks in this situation and can offer services like network address translation (NAT), firewalling, and quality of service (quality of service) control. Definition of GWC (Gateway Controller) A Gateway Controller (GWC) is a hardware or software ... Read More
Introduction HDSL (High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology that provides high-speed internet connectivity over standard twisted-pair copper telephone lines. It is a symmetric DSL (SDSL) technology, which means that it provides equal bandwidth for both upstream and downstream traffic. HDSL can achieve data rates of up to 2.3 Mbps over distances of up to 12, 000 feet (3.7 km). It is often used for business applications that require high-speed, reliable internet connectivity, such as video conferencing, large file transfers, and online backups. Technical Specifications of HDSL Data rate − HDSL can ... Read More
Introduction Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) is a group of principles and recommendations. These guidelines provide designers and developers with a framework for designing interfaces so that it meets the user's needs. HIGs are usually created by the operating system owner, such as Apple or Microsoft. The guidelines cover different elements of interface design, such as layout, colour, navigation, and feedback. By following these guidelines, designers and developers can create interfaces that are more accessible, usable, and pleasant for users. The user interface should be easy to use and should make the interaction between humans and technology more effective and ... Read More
Introduction Headend Interface Terminal (HIT) is a vital component of the cable television network that oversees signal distribution to customers. It is positioned at the cable network's headend and receives various types of signals from multiple sources, including satellite, terrestrial, and cable networks, which are then processed for distribution to subscribers. The HIT serves as a vital link between the cable network and the subscriber's set-top box. It receives and delivers signals from numerous sources to subscribers. In addition, the HIT can receive digital signals and convert them to analog signals for transmission through the cable network. The HIT ... Read More
Introduction Headend Management System (HMS) is a facility that accepts signal from the satellite and processes it into signal form via cable networks. It is a distribution centre for receiving, modifying and sending re-modified signals. This system is utilised in our day-to-day life services like satellite dishes, microwave receivers, modulators, antennae, etc. Overview of HMS It is an essential service of the Modern era. “Headend is a system” for receiving television or radio signals and processing them and sending them to telecommunication systems. It includes the various equipment for various services like voice over internet protocol(VoIP), Cable internet, video ... Read More
Introduction High-Order Modulation (HOM)technique called Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is incorporated in digital communication to enhance the data transmission efficiency. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a popular High-Order Modulation (HOM) technique is used in digital communication systems, where a carrier signal is modulated by varying its amplitude and phase to represent multiple bits. The number of bits transmitted in a single symbol is determined by the order of modulation represented by the term M. Additionally, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is another HOM technique used in modern digital communication systems such as Wi-Fi, LTE, and digital broadcasting. OFDM divides ... Read More