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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Difference between private, public, and protected modifiers in C++
Data hiding is one of the important features of Object Oriented Programming which allows preventing the functions of a program to access directly the internal representation of a class type. The access restriction to the class members is specified by the labeled access modifiers − public, private, and protected sections within the class body.The default access for members and classes is private.Exampleclass Base { public: // public members go here protected: // protected members go here private: // private members go here };A public member is accessible from anywhere outside the class but within a program. ...
Read MoreWhat's the difference between "STL" and "C++ Standard Library"?
The Standard Template Library (STL) is a software library for the C++ programming language that influenced many parts of the C++ Standard Library. It provides four components called algorithms, containers, functions, and iterators. Note that the term "STL" or "Standard Template Library" does not show up anywhere in the ISO 14882 C++ standard. So referring to the C++ standard library as STL is wrong, ie, STL and C++ Standard Library are 2 different things with the former being the subset of the latter.The STL consists ofContainersThe STL contains sequence containers and associative containers. Containers are objects that store data. The ...
Read MoreWhat does the explicit keyword mean in C++?
The explicit keyword in C++ is used to mark constructors to not implicitly convert types. For example, if you have a class Foo −class Foo { public: Foo(int n); // allocates n bytes to the Foo object Foo(const char *p); // initialize object with char *p };Now if you tryFoo mystring = 'x';The char 'x' is implicitly converted to int and then will call the Foo(int) constructor. But this is not what was intended. So to prevent such conditions and make the code less error-prone, define the constructor as explicit −Example class Foo { public: ...
Read MoreRegular cast vs. static_cast vs. dynamic_cast in C++
static_cast − This is used for the normal/ordinary type conversion. This is also the cast responsible for implicit type coersion and can also be called explicitly. You should use it in cases like converting float to int, char to int, etc.dynamic_cast −This cast is used for handling polymorphism. You only need to use it when you're casting to a derived class. This is exclusively to be used in inheritence when you cast from base class to derived class.Regular Cast − This is the most powerful cast available in C++ as it combines const_cast, static_cast and reinterpret_cast. but it's also unsafe ...
Read MoreIs segmentation fault actual undefined behavior in C++?
Undefined behavior is a way to give freedom to implementors (e.g. of compilers or of OSes) and to computers to do whatever they "want", in other words, to not care about consequences.The cases in which segmentation fault occurs are transient in nature. They won't always result in a segmentation fault but can also run correctly(or at least appear to). For example, consider the following code fragment −#include int main() { int arr[2]; arr[0] = 0; arr[1] = 1; arr[2] = 2; // Undefined behaviour ...
Read MoreWhy aren't variable-length arrays part of the C++ standard?
Having to create a potential large array on the stack, which usually has only little space available, isn't good. If you know the size beforehand, you can use a static array. And if you don't know the size beforehand, you will write unsafe code. Variable-length arrays can not be included natively in C++ because they'll require huge changes in the type system.An alternative to Variable-length arrays in C++ is provided in the C++ STL, the vector. You can use it like −Example#include #include using namespace std; int main() { vector vec; vec.push_back(1); ...
Read MoreRule of Three vs Rule of Five in C++?
The Rule of three is a rule of thumb when using C++. This is kind of a good practice rule that says that If your class needs any ofa copy constructor, an assignment operator, or a destructor, defined explicitly, then it is likely to need all three of them.Why is this? Its because, if your class requires any of the above, it is managing dynamically allocated resources and would likely be needing the other to successfully achieve that. For example, if you require an assignment operator, you would be creating copies of objects currently being copied by reference, hence allocating ...
Read MoreWhat is Rule of Five in C++11?
The rule of five is applied in C++ for resource management. Resource management frees the client from having to worry about the lifetime of the managed object, potentially eliminating memory leaks and other problems in the C++ code. But this management comes at a cost. The Rule of The Big Five states that if you have to write one of the following functions then you have to have a policy for all of them. If we have an Object Foo then we can have a FooManager that handles the resource Foo. When implementing FooManager, you'll likely all need the following ...
Read MoreWhat are the differences between -std = c++11 and -std = gnu++11?
GNU C++ compiler, g++, provides extensions to the C++ language. The difference between the two options is whether these GNU extensions that might violate the C++ standard are enabled or not. Note that some extensions can still be in effect when using -std = c++11, if they don't violate the standard.The list of extensions to the C++ language in GNU compiler can be found here − https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/C_002b_002b-Extensions.html
Read MoreC++11 Overview
C++11 is the modern C++ standard published in 2011. This brought many major extensions and improvements to the existing language. It was approved by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 12 August 2011 and replaced C++03.C++11 was also known as C++0x. This is because, For the next revision, it was supposed that the next Standard after would be done by 2008, but since it was uncertain, it was named C++0x, where the x stood for either 8 or 9. Though planning shifted and it is now called C++11. So, C++0x was the name for the standard before it was published. ...
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