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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Low Pass and High Pass Filter Bode Plot
The Bode Plot is the frequency response plot of linear systems represented in the form of logarithmic plots. In bode plot the horizontal axis represents frequency on a logarithmic scale and the vertical axis represents either the amplitude or the phase of the frequency response function.Low Pass Filter Bode PlotThe frequency response function or transfer function of the RC low pass filter is given by, $$\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}=\frac{A}{1+(j\omega\:T)}=\frac{A}{1+(j\omega\:/\omega_{0})}=\frac{A}{\sqrt{1+(\omega\:/\omega_{0})^{2}}}\angle\:-\tan^{-1}(\frac{\omega}{\omega_{0}})$$Where, T = Time constant of the circuit = $1/\omega_{0}=RC$A = Constant and$\omega_{0}$ = Cut off frequencyBode Magnitude Plot of LPFThe magnitude plot can be obtained from the absolute value of transfer function i.e.$$|\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}|=20\log_{10}\frac{|A|}{|1+j\omega\:/\omega_{0}|}$$When $\omega\:\omega_{0}$ ...
Read MoreMagnetic Field around a Current Carrying Conductor
The space or field in which a magnetic pole experiences a force is called as a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be produced either by moving the charge or some magnetic material. During the beginning of 19th century, a scientist named H. C. Oersted discovered that when current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field produces around it.Magnetic Field around a Current Carrying ConductorAs the current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. According to electromagnetic field theory, a moving charge produces a magnetic field which is proportional to the current, thus a carrying conductor produces ...
Read MoreOverview of Electric Current, Voltage, and Resistance Electric Current
The directed flow of charge (free electrons) is called electric current. In other words, the electric current is defined as the rate of flow charge (free electrons). It is represented by 𝐼 or 𝑖 and measured in Amperes (A). i.e.$$I=\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{ne}{t}\:\:Ampere(A)$$Where, Q = ne, and e = 1.6 X 10-19 C.In differential form, $$i=\frac{dq}{dt}$$How electric current flows?In the figure, the copper conductor has a large number of free electrons. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across it, the free electrons (negatively charged) starts moving towards the positive terminal of the source. This directed flow free electrons is called as electric ...
Read MoreElectrical Circuit Devices
Electrical Circuit Devices are essential components of electrical and electronic circuits. There are several devices that are present in electrical and electronic circuits. Some important circuit devices are as follows −SourcesSwitchesConnectorsCircuit Protection DevicesLoadsSourcesA source of electrical energy is a device that delivers energy into a system. These devices create potential difference, which in turn causes electric current to flow in a circuit. Examples of typical electrical sources include Generators, Cells, Batteries and Photovoltaic Cells etc.Generators – There are two types of electric generators viz. AC generator and DC generator.Cells and Batteries – An Electrical cell is a device which can ...
Read MoreSecond Order System Transient Response
To understand the transient response of the second order system, consider the block diagram of closed loop system with unity negative feedback.The open loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$G(s)=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s(s+2\zeta\:\omega_{n})}$$And the closed loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)}=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s^{2}+2\zeta\:\omega_{n}s+\omega_{n}^{2}} \:\:\:\:...(1)$$Where, R(s) = Laplace transform of the input signal r(t), C(s) = Laplace transform of the output signal c(t), ξ= Damping Ration, Ωn = Natrural frequency of oscillations.As from the equation (1), we can see, the power of s is two in the denominator term. Thus, the transfer function represents a second ...
Read MoreResistor Types and Color Code
ResistorThe measure of opposition offered by the substance in the flow electric current is known as Resistance of the substance and the element that possess the resistance is called a Resistor. The circuit symbol of resistor is shown in the figure below.Types of ResistorsThe resistor are broadly classified into two types –Fixed ResistorsVariable ResistorsFixed ResistorsThe fixed resistor is defined as the resistor whose resistance value does not change with the any change in temperature or voltage. These resistors are available in different shapes and sizes. The main function of an ideal fixed resistance gives a stable resistance in all situations. ...
Read MoreSources of Electromotive Force (EMF)
Concept of Electromotive Force (EMF)The electromotive force (EMF) of a source, is a measure of the energy the source gives to each coulomb of charge. The EMF is measured in volts (V).At first sight, the name EMF implies that it is a force that causes the current to flow but this not correct, because it is not a force but energy supplied to the charge by some source of energy such as a battery. The EMF maintains potential difference while the potential difference causes current to flow.Difference between EMF and Potential DifferenceAs we know, the EMF of the battery is ...
Read MoreWorking Principle of Voltaic Cell (Galvanic Cell)
A Voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous (natural) redox reactions into electrical energy. The Voltaic cell is also called as Galvanic cell.The voltaic cell is named after its inventor Alessandro Volta in 1799.In redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, the electrons are moved between two different species and if these reactions occur spontaneously then energy is released as a result of these reactions. Therefore, the released energy is used to do work. To deal with this energy, it is necessary to split the reaction into two half reactions – Oxidation and Reduction. By using two different ...
Read MoreGet max and min values of an array in Arduino
In order to get the max/ min values of an array in Arduino, we can run a simple for loop. Two implementations are shown below. One uses the max() and min() functions of Arduino, and the other uses the > and < operators.The max and min functions have the following syntax: max(a, b) and min(a, b), and they return the max and min values out of a and b respectively.Implementation 1 − Using > and < operatorsvoid setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println(); int myArray[6] = {1, 5, -6, ...
Read MoreExponential expressions in Arduino
The pow() function of Arduino can be used for evaluating exponential expressions. Any expression of the form ab can be expressed as pow(a, b). For example 23 becomes pow(2, 3).The type for both the base (a) and the exponent (b) is float. This function returns a double.Examplevoid setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println(); float base = 2; float exponent = 3; Serial.println(pow(base, exponent)); } void loop() { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly: }OutputThe Serial Monitor Output is shown below −You are ...
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