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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to show that the regular language is closed under the complementary operation?
Closure property is a technique to understand the class of the resulting language when we are performing an operation on two languages of the same class.That means, suppose L1 and L2 belong to regular language and if regular language is closed under operation ∪, then L1∪L2 will be a Regular language. But if RL is not closed under ∩, that doesn't mean L1∩L2 won't be a RL.For a class to be closed under an operation, it has to hold true for all languages in that class. So, if a class is not closed under an operation, we cannot say anything ...
Read MoreGenerate a Regular Expression for a Finite Automata with state elimination method
ProblemGiven a Finite Automata, we need to convert the Finite Automata into equivalent Regular Expression using the State Elimination Method.Step 1 − Initial state q1 has incoming edge. So, create a new initial state qi.Step 2 − Final state q2 has outgoing edge. So, create a new final state.Step 3 − Start eliminating intermediate states one after another.If there is path going to qi to q2 via q1So after eliminating q1 we can connect a direct path from qi to q2 having costε .c*.a=c*aThere is a loop on q2 using state qiSo after eliminating state q1 we can draw a ...
Read MoreExplain the concept of state elimination method in TOC
There are two methods for converting a Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) to Regular expression (RE). These methods are as follows −Arden's Theorem Method.State Elimination Method.Now, let us learn about the state elimination method used in TOC.State Elimination MethodStep 1Initial state of DFA does not have any incoming edge.If there exists any incoming edge to the initial state, then we need to create a new initial state which has no incoming edge to it.An example about the relation between incoming edge and initial state is given below−Step 2There must be only one final state in DFA.If there exist multiple final states ...
Read MoreCapacitors in AC Circuits
Consider the circuit consisting of a capacitor (C) only. When an alternating voltage is applied across the capacitor, the capacitor being charged in one direction and then in the other as the voltage reverses. Due to the application of alternating voltage across the capacitor the electrons move to and fro around the circuit, thus constituting alternating current.Let the equation of the applied alternating voltage is$$\mathrm{u= V_{m} sin(\omega t)}\:\:\:….. (1)$$As a result of the alternating voltage (v), alternating current will flow through the circuit (i). Let at any instant q is the charge on plates of the capacitor. Thus, $$\mathrm{q=C u ...
Read MoreAnalog & Digital Multimeter
MultimeterAs the name implies, a multimeter is device that can be used to measure multiple quantities, i.e., when a single device is used to measure multiple quantities, the device is called multimeter. On the basis of output representation, there are two types of multimeters −Analog multimeterDigital multimeterAnalog MultimeterAn analog multimeter is a permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) meter type measuring instrument. It works on the principle of d’Arsonval galvanometer. The analog multimeter has an analog display that uses the deflection of a pointer on the scale to indicate the level of measurement being made. The pointer deflects from its initial ...
Read MoreAverage and RMS Value of Alternating Current and Voltage
Average Value of Alternating QuantityThe arithmetical average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating quantity over one cycle is known as the "Average Value of Alternating Quantity".$$Average\:value=\frac{Sum\:of\:all\:instantaneous\:values\:over\:one\:cycle}{Number\:of\:instants}$$$$=\frac{Total\:are\:under\:the\:curve\:for\:time\:period\:T}{Time\:Period\:(T)} $$$$=\frac{i_{1}+i_{2}+i_{3}+...+i_{n}}{n}$$Average Value of Symmetrical WavesIn case of symmetrical waves like sinusoidal voltage or current, the average value over one cycle is zero. It is because the positive half cycle is exactly equal to the negative half cycle. But the average value of positive or negative half cycle is not zero. Therefore, in case of symmetrical waves, the average value is calculated for half cycle.$$Avg\:value = \frac{Sum\:of\:all\:instantaneous\:values\:over\:half\:cycle}{Number\:of\:instants\:of\:half\:cycle}$$Average Value of Unsymmetrical WaveIn case of ...
Read MoreWhat is Static Testing & Testing Review?
What is Static Testing?Static testing is a software testing methodology used to look for faults in software applications without running the program. Static testing is used to prevent problems at an early stage of development since it is easier to notice and correct faults at this point. It also aids in the detection of faults that Dynamic Testing may miss.Dynamic Testing, on the other hand, examines an application while the code is executed.Static testing methodologies are classified into two groups −Manual examinations − Manual examinations contain manual code analysis, often called REVIEWS.Automated analysis using tools − Automated analysis is essentially ...
Read MoreWhat is Interface Testing(Types & Example)?
What is Interface Testing?Interface testing is a sort of software testing that confirms the proper connectivity between two separate software systems.An interface is a link that connects two components. In the computer world, this interface might be anything from APIs to web services. Interface testing is the process of evaluating these connected services or interfaces.An interface is a software program that contains a collection of instructions, communications, and other properties that allow a device and a user to communicate with one another.How to do Interface Testing?Interface testing consists of two major sections −Interface between a web server and an application ...
Read MoreWhat is Functional Testing (Types & Examples)?
What is Functional Testing?Functional Testing is a form of software testing in which the software system is validated against the functional requirements/specifications. The goal of functional testing is to test each feature of a software program by giving adequate data and comparing the outcome to the Functional requirements.Functional testing is particularly concerned with black-box testing and is unconcerned with the application's source code. This testing examines the Application Under Test's User Interface, APIs, Database, Security, Client/Server connection, and other features. Testing can be performed automatically or manually.What do you test in Functional Testing?The primary goal of functional testing is to ...
Read MoreWhat is Storage Testing Tutorial with Type & Concepts?
Storage TestingStorage testing is a form of software testing which is used to ensure that the software program under test saves necessary data in the correct folders and has adequate capacity to avoid unanticipated cancellations due to a lack of storage capacity. Storage Performance Testing is another name for it.Why Storage Testing?Slow storage causes slower responsiveness, longer query times, and worse application availability.Poor memory adds to the cost of server infrastructure upkeep.It aids in determining its actual storage limits prior to implementation.It is beneficial to comprehend how the system behaves when a fresh hardware device is installed or updated.Types of ...
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