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Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Which normal form is the highest that satisfies the functional dependencies(DBMS)?
Let's take the dependencies F= {AB->CDEF, AF->ED, F->B} which ONE of the following is the highest normal form that a table R=ABCDEF could satisfy.Select any one from the following −No normal form would be satisfied.Boyce-Codd Normal Form1st Normal Form2nd Normal Form3rd Normal FormGiven Functional dependencies of F are as follows −AB ---> CDEFAF ---> EDF ---> BNow in R.H.S (Right Hand Side) of Functional dependencies of F, attributes B, C, D, E, F are all present but attribute A is missing. So, attribute A must be the part of Super Key.We have to find the closure of A (A+), A+ ...
Read MoreExplain how normal forms can be transformed from lower to higher(DBMS)
In the database management system there are several rules to manage the tables and do the changes like insertion, deletion, updatation and there are different stages at which the tables are organized and these stages are known as normal forms.It is a standard structure of relational databases in which a relation may be inserted in another relation.Five normal formsThere are five normal forms which are explained below −First normal formThe first normal form defines the definition of the table. The rules of the first normal form are as follows −Each column must have a single value.Each column has a unique ...
Read MoreWhat is multivalued dependency in DBMS?
Multivalued dependency (MVD) is having the presence of one or more rows in a table. It implies the presence of one or more other rows in that same table. A multivalued dependency prevents fourth normal form. A multivalued dependency involves at least three attributes of a table.It is represented with a symbol "->->" in DBMS.X->Y relates one value of X to one value of Y.X->->Y (read as X multidetermines Y) relates one value of X to many values of Y.A Nontrivial MVD occurs when X->->Y and X->->z where Y and Z are not dependent are independent to each other. Non-trivial ...
Read MoreCheck which FD violates 3NF in a given relation and decompose R into 3NF(DBMS)
A relation is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and there is no transitive dependency or a relation is in 3NF when it is in 2NF and all non-key attributes directly depend on candidate key.Third normal form (3NF) is the third step in normalizing a database and it builds on the first and second normal forms, 1NF and 2NF.3NF states that all column references in referenced data that are not dependent on the primary key should be removed. Another way of putting this is that only foreign key columns should be used to reference another table, and no other ...
Read MoreWrite the journal entries for the completed contract method
In this method, all revenue and expenses will not be recognized, until the completion of the contract. If there is any unpredictability in collecting funds from customers, then this method is used. This method is easy to determine and simple.Journal entriesThe journal entries for completed contract method are as follows −ParticularsDebitCreditIncurring costsConstruction in progressCash or accounts payableBillingAccounts receivableConstruction in progress (Bill)Receiving paymentsCashAccounts receivableRecording revenueConstruction in progress (Bill)Construction revenueRecording expenseConstruction costConstruction in progressExampleConsider the following table for understanding how to write journal entries −Particulars199519961997Cumulative cost incurred ($)2000000500000012000000Total cost (estimated) $120000001200000012000000Billings200000040000007000000Collected100000050000007000000SolutionThe journal entries by using the completed contract method for the above-mentioned ...
Read MoreExplain the complete contract method
In complete contract method, recognize all the revenue and profit associated with a project only after completion of project. This method results in deferred tax liability.Also, this method is used, where there is uncertainty in collecting funds from customers under contract terms.Businesses can defer recognition of income taxes, if there is any delay in income recognition. Deferment of tax and payments and their benefits can have a positive or negative effect on working capital.Revenue recognition timing is delayed and irregular. In this method, bills issued and costs incurred are recorded in the balance sheet and the respective amounts are transferred ...
Read MoreWhat is free cash flow to equity (FCFE)?
Free cash flow to firm (FCFF) represents the available cash flow for equity holders of the firm. The cash is the remaining cash after paying all its expenses including both operating and capital expenditures (taxes, interest, expenditures etc.). Measures the cash return by a firm to its shareholders.FormulaThe formulae to calculate the FCFE is as follows −Free cash flow of equityCash (operations) – capital expenditures + net debt (repaid)Free cash flow of equity (with net income)Net income + D&A + changes in working capital + capital expenditures + net borrowingsFree cash flow of equity (with EBIT)EBIT – I – T ...
Read MoreExplain free cash flow to firm (FCFF)
Free cash flow to firm (FCFF) represents the available cash flow for both debt and equity holders of the firm. The cash is remaining cash after paying all its expenses including both operating and capital expenditures (taxes, interest, expenditures etc.).FCFF is calculated by intrinsic valuation method and terminal value of business.FormulaeThe formulae to calculate the FCFF are as follows − Free cash flow of firm (Net profit)Net profit (operating) + expenses (Depreciation and amortization) – capital expenditure – changes in net working capital. Free cash flow of firm (Operations)Cash flow (operations) + Interest expenses* (1-T) – capital expenditures Free cash flow of firm ...
Read MoreExplain the performance ratios by using cash flow from operations
The performance ratios help in understanding the financial statements and give a better view of business.Company calculates these ratios regularly to see how well they are using their own resources and gives their performance.Some of the advantages of performance ratios for a company are forecasting, budget estimation and determination of the firm’s liquidity and long term solvency.Some of the disadvantages are it is more complicated and comparison becomes ambiguous because companies mostly work in different environments, market, regulation etc.Performance ratiosThe various performance ratios in company are as follows−Cash flow to revenue (CFr) = Ratio between cash flows generated (CFg) from ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between FCFF and FCFE
Let us understand what free cash flow to firm (FCFF) and free cash flow to equity are, before learning about their differences.Free cash flow to firm (FCFF)Free cash flow is an integral measurement tool which is used in management accounting. This allows business members to monitor and measure the values of their business to avoid failure and to expand their business by keeping features needs in mind.In simple words, free cash flow is the leftover money in the firm after deducting all the expenses like debts, expenses, rent etc. It also indicates the health of the company. By free cash ...
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