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After writing the code, we need to run the code to execute and obtain the output. On running the program, we can check whether the code is written is correct and produces the desired output.Running a python program is quite an easy task.Run on IDLETo run a python program on IDLE, follow the given steps −Write the python code and save it.To run the program, go to Run > Run Module or simply click F5.Run on Command LineThe python script file is saved with ‘.py’ extension. After saving the python script, we can run it from the Command Line. In ... Read More
Python has no in-built function to reverse a string. Thus, we need to implement our own logic to reverse a string.We will reverse a string using different methods.Using FOR LoopThe idea behind this method is to use a reverse loop starting from the last index of the string to the 0th index. At each iteration, we will be adding characters of the string to hold the reversed string at the end of the iterations.Let’s look on the general procedure we will be following −a:=new stringloop from last index of string to 0th index and decrement by 1 a=a+character at the ... Read More
MySQL uses port number 3306 by default.3306 Port Number3306 port number is used by MySQL protocol to connect with the MySQL clients and utilities such as ‘mysqldump’. It is a TCP, i.e Transmission Control Protocol.VulnerabilitiesLet us see if there are any vulnerabilities while using this default port −In general, port 3306 shouldn’t be opened since it could make the server vulnerable to attack. If the user needs to connect to the database remotely, there are many other secure options, instead of opening the port 3306.One of the secure options includes using an SSH tunnel. On the other hand, if it ... Read More
To determine the connection method that is used by MySQL connection, the below command can be used −netstat −ln | grep 'mysql'On Unix, MySQL programs treat the host name ‘localhost’ in a special manner. Hence, it behaves differently than what is expected of it.Type of ConnectionTo know the type of connection from within the mysql CLI, the below command can be used −mysql> \sOutput −Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP (or) Connection: Localhost via UNIX socketTCP/IP connection to the local serverTo ensure that the client makes a TCP/IP connection to the local server, the --host or -h can be used. This will ... Read More
Let us look at the administrative and utility programs in MySQL and understand how they can be used −ibd2sdiIt is a utility to extract serialized dictionary information (SDI) from InnoDB tablespace files. SDI data is present all persistent InnoDB tablespace files. ibd2sdi can be used at runtime or when the server is offline.innochecksumIt prints the checksums for InnoDB files. It reads an InnoDB tablespace file, calculates the checksum for every page, compares the calculated checksum to the stored checksum, and reports mismatches, which show the damaged pages. It was originally developed to speed up the verification of the integrity of ... Read More
The mysqlslap utility is a diagnostic program that has designed to emulate client load for a MySQL server and report the timing of every stage. It works as though multiple clients are accessing the server.Invoking mysqlslapmysqlslap can be invoked using the below command −shell> mysqlslap [options]Some options are: --create or --query that would enable the user to specify a string that contains an SQL statement or a file containing statements.Stagesmysqlslap runs in three stages. They are −Create schema, table, and any stored programs or data to use (it is optional) for the test. This stage uses a single client connection.Run ... Read More
The mysqlshow client can be used to see what databases exist, their tables, or a table's columns or indexes.It provides a command-line interface for several SQL SHOW statements.Invoke mysqlshowThe mysqlshow utility can be invoked as shown below −shell> mysqlshow [options] [db_name [tbl_name [col_name]]]Here, If no database is provided, a list of database names are displayed.If no table is given, all matching tables in the database are displayed.If no column is provided, all matching columns and column types in the table are shown.The output displays the names of only those databases, tables, or columns for which the user has certain privileges.Optionsmysqlshow ... Read More
The mysqlpump client utility performs logical backups, thereby producing a set of SQL statements that would be executed to reproduce the original database object definitions and table data. It helps dump one or more MySQL databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server.Features of mysqlpumpLet us understand the features of mysqlpump −Parallel processing of databases, as well as that of objects within databases, thereby helping speed up the dump process.It provides better control over which databases and database objects (tables, stored programs, user accounts) need to be dumpedDumping of user accounts as account-management statements (CREATE USER, GRANT) instead of ... Read More
The mysqlimport client comes with a command-line interface that helps with the LOAD DATA SQL statement. Most options to mysqlimport respond directly to clauses of LOAD DATA syntaxInvoking mysqlimportThe utility mysqlimport can be invoked as shown below −shell> mysqlimport [options] db_name textfile1 [textfile2 ...]For every text file that is named on the command line, mysqlimport strips any extension from the file name and uses the result to figure out the name of the table into which the file's contents have to be imported.ExampleLet us take an example: Files named sample.txt, sample.text, and sample all would be imported into a table ... Read More
The mysqldump client utility helps performs logical backups, thereby producing a set of SQL statements which can be executed to reproduce the original database object definitions and table data.mysqldump UsageIt dumps one or more MySQL databases for backup or transfer to another SQL server.The mysqldump command also generates output in CSV, other delimited text, or XML format.The utility mysqldump requires at least the SELECT privilege for dumped tables, SHOW VIEW for dumped views, TRIGGER for dumped triggers, LOCK TABLES if the --single-transaction option is not used, and PROCESS if --no-tablespaces option is not used.The databases can be cloned for the ... Read More