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In a database system, where more than one transaction is being executed simultaneously and in parallel, the property of isolation states that all the transactions will be carried out and executed as if it is the only transaction in the system. No transaction will affect the existence of any other transaction. Transaction Isolation Levels in Java Connection JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) provides support 5 transaction isolation levels through Connection interface. TRANSACTION_NONE: It is represented by integer value 0 does not support transactions. TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED: It is represented by integer value 2 supports ... Read More
In this article, we need to display the HTML content of the page in an iframe; A browser window divided as a separate page. We can achieve this task using the tag and it’s srcdoc attribute. HTML tag The tag in HTML specifies an inline frame. This inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document. This tag is supported by every browser such as Google Chrome, Microsoft edge/ internet explorer, Firefox, safari, and opera, etc. The “srcdoc” attribute of the tag is used to specify the HTML content of the page ... Read More
Programming languages are used to write code to develop websites and applications. Framework is a platform on which different programming languages can work. Programming languages depend on syntax while frameworks deal with architecture. In this article, we will talk about the difference between Frameworks and Programming Languages. Programming Languages Software developers use different kinds of programming languages to develop an application. They have to use the syntax of a programming language to give instructions. These instructions let the computer know how to execute a code. The processor converts the code into machine language which is understood by computers. The output ... Read More
In Java, counting the occurrences of each character in a string is a common task that can be efficiently performed using a HashMap. A HashMap allows us to store key-value pairs, where each unique character in the string is a key, and the value is the count of its occurrences. Problem Statement Given a string, we need to count how many times each character appears in the string. For example, in the string thisisit, the character t appears twice, h appears once, i appears three times, and s appears twice. Input String myStr = "thisisit"; Output Counting ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to find common elements in two array-list. The ArrayList class extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList supports dynamic arraysthat can grow as needed. Problem Statement In the given array, we aim to find the common elements in two ArrayList objects in Java, array lists are created with an initial size. When this size is exceeded, the collection is automatically enlarged. When objects are removed, the array may be shrunk. Below is a demonstration of the same − Input − First list: [Java, Scala, Shell, JavaScript] Second list: [Java, Python, Shell] Output ... Read More
Conceptual database design is the process of identifying the essential data elements, relationships, and constraints in a data model, which represents a particular organization's business requirements. The conceptual design stage is the first step in the database design process, which precedes the logical and physical design stages. In this article, we will discuss the conceptual database design, its objectives, its process, and the key components of a conceptual data model. Objectives of Conceptual Database Design The primary objective of conceptual database design is to create a high-level data model that reflects the business requirements and provides a clear understanding ... Read More
A key idea in database management systems, concurrency control guarantees transaction isolation and consistency. A concurrency management mechanism called timestamp ordering gives each transaction a distinct timestamp and arranges the transactions according to those timestamps. The timestamp ordering mechanism, its goals, and its operation to guarantee transaction consistency will all be covered in this article. Objectives of Timestamp Ordering The main goal of timestamp ordering is to guarantee serializability, which means that the order in which transactions are completed must create the same outcomes as if they were executed serially. The following are the main goals of timestamp ordering − ... Read More
Several transactions can be carried out simultaneously in a shared database when using a database management system (DBMS). Concurrent execution can provide a number of benefits, including increased system capacity and quicker reaction times. To ensure accurate and dependable database functioning, there may be a number of issues that need to be resolved. We shall talk about concurrent execution in DBMSs and its issues in this post. Concurrent execution in a DBMS refers to the capacity to carry out numerous transactions simultaneously in a shared database. A collection of database activities known as a transaction, such as inserting, updating, or ... Read More
Introduction Are you struggling with slow query execution in your Database Management System (DBMS)? Actually, the fact is, parallelism in DBMS can significantly enhance the performance and speed of your queries. In this article, we'll unravel the concept of parallel query execution, its types - intraquery and interquery parallelism, their benefits and how they can be implemented to optimize your DBMS operations. Intrigued? Let’s dive into the world of efficient data processing! Types of Parallelism in Query Execution in DBMS There are two types of parallelism in query execution in DBMS: intraquery parallelism and interquery parallelism. Intraquery Parallelism Intraquery ... Read More
In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, disks are used parallel to enhance the processing performance. Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. Centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle applications that need fast processing. Parallel database systems have great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Parallel processing divides a large task into multiple tasks and each task is performed concurrently on several nodes. This gives a larger task to complete more quickly. Architectural Models There are several ... Read More