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The Time Value for Money is usually expressed by an interest rate that remains positive even without any risk. This rate is therefore called risk free rate. An individual or a company may agree to receive a payment if the risk-free rate is applied to his investment.For example, suppose an investor has invested INR 100 in a project and the risk-free rate is 5%. Now if he is offered INR 105 after one year, he may choose to receive the money later as he might consider the value of money received after one year equal to the money without a ... Read More
There are two types of assets associated with a company - Real Assets and Financial Assets. Real assets are needed to continue operations and financial assets are non-physical assets that can be converted to cash easily. Real assets are called real because they often have a real form that can be touched or felt. Financial assets on the other hand are mostly found only as records.Real Assets and Financial AssetsReal assets help companies to generate revenue and are important because they have an intrinsic value related to them. The intrinsic value depends on the substance and properties of the assets. ... Read More
Planning the future profits is a good decision because it keeps organizations away from overspending. Moreover, as earning profits is the ultimate aim of all companies, being able to foresee the profit is very valuable for a firm. However, it is easier said than done.Managers often have no control over future shocks and natural disasters.There are other factors that affect the organization's decisions too.Financial managers' duty is to calculate the profits after deduction or paying insurance for these risk factors.Note − The financial managers must be able to find the rate of future profit for the betterment of the financials ... Read More
Perpetuity is an annuity that lasts forever. It consists of several cash flows in a series where the period between two payments is equal. Moreover, in the case of perpetuity, the amount paid after each period remains the same. The periodic cash flows occurring in perpetuity are of utmost importance because they provide the structure of the perpetuity.Perpetuities are very common in finance. For example, if a government creates a fund for scholarships to girls paying INR 1 crore every quarter, it is perpetuity. Here the payments are fixed and will be made forever after a period of three months.Irredeemable ... Read More
To convert year, month, and day of the month into a complete date, we can follow the below steps −Create a data frame with Year, Month and DayOfMonth as separate columns.Use mutate function of dplyr package to create complete date.Create the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live DemoYear
To divide data frame rows by number of columns in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use apply function to divide the data frame rows by number of columns.Create the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demox
When we roll a die three times, the sample space contains two hundred and sixteen outcomes that is 216. If we want to generate the outcome of three throws of a die then expand.grid function can be used with rep and list function.Generating the outcome of three throws of a dieLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demoexpand.grid(rep(list(1:6),2))On executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) −OutputVar1 Var2 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 1 2 8 2 2 9 3 2 10 4 2 11 5 2 12 6 2 13 1 3 14 2 3 15 3 3 16 4 3 17 5 3 18 6 3 19 1 4 20 2 4 21 3 4 22 4 4 23 5 4 24 6 4 25 1 5 26 2 5 27 3 5 28 4 5 29 5 5 30 6 5 31 1 6 32 2 6 33 3 6 34 4 6 35 5 6 36 6 6
To find the proportion of categories based on another categorical column in R's data.table object, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data.table object.Finding the proportion based on categorical column.Create a data.table objectLoading data.table package and creating a data.table object with two categorical columns −library(data.table) Category1
To divide the row values by row sum in R’s data.table object, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data.table object.Then, use apply function to divide the data.table object row values by row sum.Create the data.table objectLet’s create a data.table object as shown below −library(data.table) x
To create density plot for categories filled with different colors, we can follow the below steps −Frist of all, create a data frame.Load ggplot2 package and creating the density plot for the categories.Create the density plot for the categories in the data frame by using fill function.Create the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below − Live Demox