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Let us begin by understanding the concept of flooding.FloodingFlooding does not require any network information like topology, load condition and cost of different paths.Here, every incoming packet to a node is sent out on every outgoing line except the one it arrived on.In this case all possible routes between Source and Destination will be tried. If a path exists a packet will always get through.Since routes are tried, we can see at least one route which is the shortest.All nodes that are indirectly or directly connected are visited.Some limitations include generation of large numbers of duplicate packets. Also, we must ... Read More
Let us begin by understanding what flood routing is.Flood RoutingFlood Routing is the study of flood routing that predicts the potential flood of an area. It is used to determine the time and magnitude of flow.Flood routing is done by using the velocity of water, flow rate and local geology of an area.As all routes are examined, there will be at least one route that is the shortest one. All nodes that are combined directly or indirectly are visited.Limitations of floodingThe limitations of flooding are as follows −Flooding generates a huge number of duplicate packets.A suitable damping mechanism must always ... Read More
Subnet Mask is used in networking to create multiple sub networks in a network. It divides the IP address into multiple parts which can be assigned to every computer. Subnet Mask is made by setting the network bits to all "1"s and setting host bits to all "0"s. Within a given network, two host addresses are reserved for a special purpose, and cannot be assigned to hosts.The binary "0" in the subnet mask tell us about the host address. It tells us about the IP of the host which has done subnetting.ExampleSuppose we have a subnet address as 192.168.1.0. In ... Read More
The two of the most popular wireless Internet access technologies are Wireless LAN and Wide-area wireless access network. Let us understand both of them in detail.WLAN (wireless local area network)WLAN uses locally placed radio transmitters (base stations) to provide Internet technology. The end devices that are equipped with radio transceivers exchange data with these base stations.The range of WLAN is limited to a few tens of meters.Wired Internet is used to connect these base stations to the internet network and thus the base station allows the users of the WLAN to get connected to the worldwide internet.WLAN is used for ... Read More
To concatenate multiindex into single index, at first, let us import the required Pandas and Numpy libraries with their respective aliases −import pandas as pd import numpy as np Create Pandas series −d = pd.Series([('Jacob', 'North'), ('Ami', 'East'), ('Ami', 'West'), ('Scarlett', 'South'), ('Jacob', 'West'), ('Scarlett', 'North')])Now, use the Numpy arrange() method −dataFrame = pd.Series(np.arange(1, 7), index=d) Let us now map and join −dataMap = dataFrame.index.map('_'.join)ExampleFollowing is the code −import pandas as pd import numpy as np # pandas series d = pd.Series([('Jacob', 'North'), ('Ami', 'East'), ('Ami', 'West'), ('Scarlett', 'South'), ('Jacob', 'West'), ('Scarlett', 'North')]) dataFrame = pd.Series(np.arange(1, 7), ... Read More
Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to convert a private IP address into a public IP address and also a public IP address into private IP address. We use NAT due to the shortage of IP addresses.IP Version 4 is a 32- bit address and it has almost 4.3 billion IP addresses, but the population of the world is much higher and it is approximately 7.8 billion as of the latest reports of June 2020.Most of them use multiple gadgets and devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets, and many more for accessing the internet for various needs. All these devices need ... Read More
Cellular network is fundamental technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. The technology is planned to replace high power transmitter/receiver systems for cell radio phones. For data transmission, cellular networks use lower capacity, shorter range, and more transmitters.It is not a complete wireless technology because the cellular network refers to a large area of mobile networks that is used for network access.A mobile device is linked to its base station using an air-based interface and also using a physical and link layer protocol.Every base station is connected to the Mobile Switching Centre to help set up a ... Read More
To typecast pandas into Set, use the set(). At first, let us create a DataFrame −dataFrame = pd.DataFrame( { "EmpName": ['John', 'Ted', 'Jacob', 'Scarlett', 'Ami', 'Ted', 'Scarlett'], "Zone": ['North', 'South', 'South', 'East', 'West', 'East', 'North'] } ) Typecast pandas to set and then take set union −set(dataFrame.EmpName) | set(dataFrame.Zone)ExampleFollowing is the complete code − import pandas as pd # Create DataFrame dataFrame = pd.DataFrame( { "EmpName": ['John', 'Ted', 'Jacob', 'Scarlett', 'Ami', ... Read More
Wireless communications are particularly valuable for mobile applications, so wireless systems are frequently intended to cover enormous regions by parting them into numerous littler cells.This cellular methodology presents numerous challenges, for example, how to evade obstruction, or how to hand-over start with one cell then onto the next, while keeping up great help quality. Inclusion, capacity, obstruction, and range reuse are significant worries of cellular systems.Bandwidth capabilitiesIn a cellular system the bandwidth capabilities, each voice channel utilizes a 30 kHz frequency channel, these frequencies might be reused by a reused design, the framework is FDMA.The general capacity basically originates from ... Read More
Cellular network is fundamental technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. The technology is planned to replace high power transmitter/receiver systems for cell radio phones. For data transmission, cellular networks use lower capacity, shorter range, and more transmitters.It is not a complete wireless technology because the cellular network refers to a large area of mobile networks that is used for network access.A mobile device is linked to its base station using an air-based interface and also using a physical and link layer protocol.Every base station is connected to the Mobile Switching Centre to help set up a ... Read More