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A protocol is a set of rules and standards that primarily outline a language that devices will use to communicate. There are an excellent range of protocols in use extensively in networking, and that they are usually implemented in numerous layers.It provides a communication service where the process is used to exchange the messages. When the communication is simple, we can use only one simple protocol.When the communication is complex, we must divide the task between different layers, so, we need to follow a protocol at each layer, this technique we used to call protocol layering. This layering allows us ... Read More
Switching is a technique of transferring the information from one computer network to another computer network.Let us discuss about switching in step by step manner as follows −Step 1 − In a computer network the switching can be achieved by using switches.Step 2 − A switch is a small piece of hardware device that is used to join multiple computers together with one local area network (LAN).Step 3 − These are devices which are helpful in creating temporary connections between two or more devices that are linked to the switch.Step 4 − Switches are helpful in forwarding the packets based ... Read More
There are two types of microwaves in computer networks. These are as follows −Terrestrial microwaveSatellite microwaveLet us discuss satellite microwaves in detail.Satellite MicrowaveIt is used for broadcasting and receiving signals. The signals are transmitted to space where these satellites are positioned and it retransmits the signal to the appropriate location.It acts as a repeater as it only receives the signal and retransmits it. The satellites should be aligned properly with the earth for this system to work. It is a physical object which revolves around the earth at a known height.Satellite communication is more flexible and reliable nowadays than cable ... Read More
There are two types of microwaves in computer networks. These are as follows −Terrestrial microwaveSatellite microwaveLet us discuss terrestrial microwaves in detail.Terrestrial MicrowaveIt is a technology which transmits the focused beam of a radio signal from one ground-based microwave transmission antenna to another antenna.Microwaves are generally an electromagnetic wave which has the frequency in the range from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.These are unidirectional waves, whereas the sending and receiving antenna is to be aligned which means the antennas are narrowly focused.Here antennas are mounted on the towers to send a beam to another antenna which is present at km away.It ... Read More
When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the full duplex mode of transmission.Full duplex modeIn Full duplex mode, ... Read More
To sum only specific rows, use the loc() method. Mention the beginning and end row index using the : operator. Using loc(), you can also set the columns to be included. We can display the result in a new column.At first, let us create a DataFrame. We have Product records in it, including the Opening and Closing Stock −dataFrame = pd.DataFrame({"Product": ["SmartTV", "ChromeCast", "Speaker", "Earphone"], "Opening_Stock": [300, 700, 1200, 1500], "Closing_Stock": [200, 500, 1000, 900]})Sum of some rows i.e. 1st two rows. Column names also mentioned in the loc() i.e. Opening_Stock and Closing_Stock. We are displaying result in a new ... Read More
When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the half duplex mode of transmission.Half duplex modeIn a Half-duplex channel, ... Read More
When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the simplex mode of transmission.Simplex modeIn Simplex mode, the communication is ... Read More
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the power of distributed communication, computing, and sensing features. They are characterized as infrastructure less, fault tolerant and self-organizing networks which provide opportunities for low-cost, easy-to-apply, rapid and flexible installations in an environment for various applicationsThe wireless sensor and the sensor node architecture are given in the diagram below −Characteristics of WSNThe characteristics of WSN are as follows −Resource constraints − Nodes of WSN are smaller in size and get power from the batteries. It justifies that service provided by the nodes like communication and computation amount of memory is very limited.Communication paradigm − The ... Read More
To calculate the median of column values, use the median() method. At first, import the required Pandas library −import pandas as pdNow, create a DataFrame with two columns −dataFrame1 = pd.DataFrame( { "Car": ['BMW', 'Lexus', 'Audi', 'Tesla', 'Bentley', 'Jaguar'], "Units": [100, 150, 110, 80, 110, 90] } )Finding the median of a single column “Units” using median() −print"Median of Units column from DataFrame1 = ", dataFrame1['Units'].median() In the same way, we have calculated the median value from the 2nd DataFrame.ExampleFollowing is the complete code ... Read More