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What is a Backbone Network?A backbone is a component of the computer network infrastructure that connects multiple networks and provides a conduit for data to flow between them. A backbone may connect different local area networks in workplaces, campuses, or buildings. When numerous local area networks (LANs) are linked across a large region, the result is a wide area network (WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN) if it serves the entire city.A backbone is a series of passageways that other significant networks connect to for long-distance communication on a massive scale. Various networking technologies collaborate as connecting points or nodes. ... Read More
Tunnelling is a protocol for transferring data securely from one network to another. Using a method known as encapsulation, Tunnelling allows private network communications to be sent across a public network, such as the Internet. Encapsulation enables data packets to appear general to a public network when they are private data packets, allowing them to pass unnoticed.Note − Port forwarding is another name for Tunnelling.When data is tunnelled, it is split into smaller parts called packets, as it travels through the tunnel. The packets are encrypted via the tunnel, and another process known as encapsulation takes place. For transmission, private ... Read More
Cross-Site Request ForgeryCross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is an Internet exploit that involves a trusted website user issuing unauthorized commands. In contrast to cross-site scripting, which exploits the user's trust for a website, CSRF leverages a website's trust for a specific user's browser. Session riding or a one-click attack are other terms for the same thing.The "GET" command of a browser is commonly used as the exploit point in a CSRF. To inject commands into a specific website, CSRF employs HTML tags like "IMG." A particular user of the website is then engaged as both a host and an unintentional accomplice. ... Read More
Electronic mail (email) is a digital messaging system that allows users to send and receive messages via the Internet. Email communications are sent and received by email servers, available from all Internet Service Providers (ISP).Emails are sent between two separate server folders: the senders and the recipients. A sender saves, transmits, or forwards email messages, whereas a recipient accesses an email server to view or download emails.Types of Email AttacksIn this article, we will take a look at some methods in which cybercriminals use emails to attack vulnerable users.PhishingPhishing is a type of deception. Cybercriminals utilize email, instant messaging, and ... Read More
To create a number vector in R with initial values as zero by defining the maximum digits for each value, we can use sprintf function.For Example, if we want to create a number vector having values starting from 1 to 100 and we want to have 1 as 001 and so on then, we can use the below command −sprintf('%0.3d',1:100)ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
The default boxplot in R has straight lines that display end point(s) excluding outliers. To remove these end lines from a boxplot, we can use staplelty argument and set it to 0.For Example, if we have a vector called X then we can create the boxplot of X by using the command given below −boxplot(X,staplelty=0)ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
To check if a data frame has any missing value in R, we can use any function along with is.na function. For Example, if we have a data frame called df then we can use the below command to check whether df contains any missing value or notany(is.na(df))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
Generally, the duplicate values are considered after first occurrence but the first occurrence of a value is also a duplicate of the remaining therefore, we might want to exclude that as well.The subsetting of non-duplicate values from a vector in R can be easily done with the help of duplicated function with negation operator as shown in the Examples given below.Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1
A pie chart is a circular representation of data which is created for either nominal data or ordinal data. The slices in the pie chart depend on the magnitude of the data values. If we want to create a pie chart in base R then pie function can be used.For Example, if we have a vector called X then the pie chart for values in X can be created by using the below command −pie(X)ExampleFollowing snippet creates a sample data frame −x
In this article, we will see how we can convert a List to a Map using various options provided by the Kotlin Library.Example: Using associate()The most standard way of converting a list into a map is by using the associate() function. This function takes a list of items as an argument and it returns a map containing key-value pairs. In the following example, we will see how it works.Exampledata class mySubjectList(var name: String, var priority: String) fun main() { val mySubjectList: List = listOf( mySubjectList("Java", "1"), mySubjectList("Kotlin", "2"), mySubjectList("C", ... Read More