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In Linux, command substitution allows a user to use the output of a command as an argument for other commands. Here you can substitute all commands that can write standard output. Moreover, you can use the command substitution to create a shell script and save the command's output as a variable. Some of the output consists of multiple lines, so the output may not appear in the same pattern when you perform command substitution. When you don't use the proper shell variable, the output shows in a single line, i.e., without preserving the linebreaks. In this tutorial, we will look ... Read More
This article discusses about how “getElementByID” method work in JavaScript. The getElementByID() method in JavaScript is a document method. When we give a specific string which should match the ID of the HTML element, it returns the element object. Every HTML element can be assigned a unique ID. If two or more elements have the same ID, then the getElementByID() method returns the first element. The getElementByID() method is used for the faster access of an element. It helps us to manipulate an HTML element within our document and is supported by all the modern browsers. If the element is ... Read More
What is a Makefile? A makefile is a unique file used in many programming projects to produce executable programs automatically by compiling and linking them. It provides instructions on linking and compiling a program, along with a list of source file dependencies and building commands. The program called make is what reads a Makefile and runs the required commands. General format of Makefile Specify the compiler (gcc for C programming and g++ for C++ programming). Specify the compiler flags. Define target executables. Define ... Read More
What is Webmin? Webmin is a system administration tool that can be accessed through a web browser. it is used to administer UNIX and Linux systems, servers, and services. Many things in the operating system can be configured through this app. Some of them include users, disk quotas, configuration files, and many more. The platform can also be used to make changes in different open-source apps like BIND DNS Server, PHP, Apache HTTP Server, etc. Why Webmin alternatives? Webmin has security issues and it is necessary to install frequent updates Less number of features are available Additional repositories are ... Read More
In an operating system, the Process involves changing from one state to another state according to the specific condition such as the CPU, Input/output devices, and the user. There are some states available in the operating system such as new, waiting, ready, running, suspend ready or suspend wait. Progress can be seen through these process states to reach the destination. Progress of a process is one of the solutions to the critical section problem. The critical section affects the progress of a process when multiple processes are allowed in a system. Progress of a Process in the Operating System A ... Read More
The file system is defined as the process of storing the user’s data in the computer operating system. This data can be stored in primary memory or secondary memory devices to store and retrieve information. The File is represented in terms of bits, bytes, or any records that can be defined by the author of the file. Each file has a logical address or location which is used for storing and retrieval process. Without the use of an organized hierarchy in file directories, selecting an individual file that is isolated is a tedious task from the user's end. File system ... Read More
Puppy Linux is a version of the Linux operating system which is created for small, portable, and versatile usage for home user systems. It has been developed by Barry Kauler in the year June 2003. The complete package of the system can be operated with 300MB for 32-bit and 600MB for 64-bit operating systems. Initially, it was developed to support minimum storage to run all the Linux configurations and later it contains all the standard user applications with inbuilt ISO downloaded to the system. Puppy OS takes size as the major factor to provide hardware and memory support to personal ... Read More
The conventional way of executing the process involves single threads, so the chances of malfunction are less when compared to multiple threads. When multiple threads or processes occur then there may be mixing or change in order of the tasks performed. Similarly, when some particular action or program is read and written at the same time, then the “Race Condition” occurs. This Race condition is a security threat to the system which leads to data corruption or loss of data. Race Condition Vulnerabilities It involves running multiple threads, multiple threads means when many processes run at the same time parallelly. ... Read More
The Operating system manages various application programs that are loaded into the memory after booting the system. The operating system offers security methods to protect the process from other processes and unauthorized access from outside resources manages the resources from both logical and physical address spaces which include CPU, internal memory, or disk area. Protection mechanisms should be provided for these resources to assure confidentiality and integrity factors. Users can directly access the applications in the operating system with the help of a Graphical user Interface or a Command Line Interface. Protection in OS When multiple users access resources ... Read More
The operating system functions on different layers and each of them has its privileges. These privileges are mentioned using a protection ring that is used for sharing resources and the hardware systems, that manage the resources stored in the computer system like CPU processing time and memory access time. Protection rings are arranged in a hierarchical order from most trusted to least trusted privilege. The central ring at the kernel level can access all resources and has the highest privilege whereas the subsequent layers have a lesser level of access permissions. This mechanism is hardware imposed by the architecture of ... Read More