Articles on Trending Technologies

Technical articles with clear explanations and examples

How to create a step histogram using ggplot2 in R?

Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 424 Views

To create a step histogram using ggplot2, we can use geom="step" argument inside stat_bin function. For example, if we have a data frame that contains a single column then the step histogram can be created using the command − ggplot(df,aes(x))+stat_bin(geom="step",bins=30)Examplelibrary(ggplot2) ggplot(df,aes(x))+stat_bin(geom="step",bins=30)Output

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How to display star for significance in base R boxplot?

Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 3K+ Views

To display the star for significance in a base R boxplot, we can use text function. The text function will be helpful in defining the star sign (that is asterisk or *). If the significance is high then three stars are used and the significance is low then a single star is used. We need to use the appropriate position using x and y values.Exampletext(x=1,y=max(df$y[df$x==1]),"***",pos=3,cex=1.5)Output

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How to divide the data frame rows in R by row standard deviation?

Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 565 Views

To divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use apply function to divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation.Creating the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below −> x y df dfOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) −      x     y 1   1.48  0.86 2  -0.14 -0.58 3  -0.25  1.22 4   0.18  0.25 5   0.50  0.68 6  -1.34 -0.21 ...

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Why do we need generics in Java?

Maruthi Krishna
Maruthi Krishna
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 5K+ Views

Reference typesAs we know a class is a blue print in which we define the required behaviors and properties and, an interface is similar to class but it is a Specification (containing abstract methods).These are also considered as datatypes in Java, unlike other primitive datatypes a literal of these kind of types points/refers to the location of the object. They are also known as reference types.GenericsGenerics is a concept in Java where you can enable a class, interface and, method, accept all (reference) types as parameters. In other words it is the concept which enables the users to choose the ...

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How to extract the factor levels from factor column in an R data frame?

Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 13K+ Views

To extract the factor levels from factor column, we can simply use levels function. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a factor column defined with x then the levels of factor levels in x can be extracted by using the command levels(df$x). This extraction is helpful if we have a large number of levels.Example1x2

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How to create bar chart based on two groups in an R data frame?

Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Nizamuddin Siddiqui
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 740 Views

To create a bar chart based on two groups, we can use geom_bar function of ggplot2 package with position argument that defines the position of the groups. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains two categorical variable x1 and x2 and the one response variable y then the bar chart can be created by using the below command −ggplot(df,aes(x1,y,fill=x2))+geom_bar(position=position_dodge(),stat="identity")Examplelibrary(ggplot2) ggplot(df,aes(Age_Group,Y,fill=Gender))+geom_bar(position=position_dodge(),stat="identity")Output

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Java Program to Check if a String is Numeric

Chandu yadav
Chandu yadav
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 398 Views

ExampleYou can check if a given string is Numeric as shown in the following program.import java.util.Scanner; public class StringNumeric {    public static void main(String[] args) {       Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);       System.out.println("Enter a string ::");       String str = sc.next();       boolean number = str.matches("-?\d+(\.\d+)?");       if(number) {          System.out.println("Given string is a number");       } else {          System.out.println("Given string is not a number");       }    } }OutputEnter a string :: 4245 Given string is a number

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Java Program to Convert a Stack Trace to a String

karthikeya Boyini
karthikeya Boyini
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 366 Views

The Java.io.StringWriter class is a character stream that collects its output in a string buffer, which can then be used to construct a string. Closing a StringWriter has no effect.The Java.io.PrintWriter class prints formatted representations of objects to a text-output stream.Using these two classes you can convert a Stack Trace to a String.Exampleimport java.io.PrintWriter; import java.io.StringWriter; public class StackTraceToString {    public static void main(String args[]) {       try {          int a[] = new int[2];          System.out.println("Access element three :" + a[3]);       } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) { ...

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How to use the Glyphicons icons in Bootstrap

Smita Kapse
Smita Kapse
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 1K+ Views

To use the Glyphicons icon in Bootstrap, use the following code just about anywhere in your code. Leave a space between the icon and text for proper padding like −Example         Bootstrap Example                                     You can try to run the following code to implement the Glyphicons icons:Example           Bootstrap Example                                 The following are the icons:                                                                                                                

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How to split a Java String into tokens with StringTokenizer?

Abhinanda Shri
Abhinanda Shri
Updated on 11-Mar-2026 546 Views

The hasMoreTokens() method is used to test if there are more tokens available from this tokenizer's string.Exampleimport java.util.*; public class StringTokenizerDemo {    public static void main(String[] args) {       // creating string tokenizer       StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("Come to learn");       // checking elements       while (st.hasMoreElements()) {          System.out.println("Next element : " + st.nextElement());       }    } }OutputNext element : Come Next element : to Next element : learn

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