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The coding standards i.e., the style guide for Python are provided by a document called PEP8. The PEP8 is Python Enhancement Proposal 8. It is a document that provides coding conventions for the Python code. Here’s the style guide − Naming Conventions The following are the currently recommended naming standard. Avoid These Names Never use the characters ‘l’ (lowercase letter el), ‘O’ (uppercase letter oh), or ‘I’ (uppercase letter eye) as single character variable names. Package and Module Names Modules should have short, all-lowercase names. Underscores can be used in the module name if it improves readability. Python packages should ... Read More
To test a Python program, use the unittest module in Pygthon. The doctest and unittest modules or third-party test frameworks can be used to construct exhaustive test suites that exercise every line of code in a module. The doctest module The doctest module searches for pieces of text that look like interactive Python sessions, and then executes those sessions to verify that they work exactly as shown. The unittest module The unittest module supports test automation, sharing of setup and shutdown code for tests, aggregation of tests into collections, and independence of the tests from the reporting framework. Before moving ... Read More
Python allow commas at the end of lists and tuples. It is optional and makes the items more readable and you can reorder the items without getting any error. You don’t need to remember again and again to add a trailing comma after every item, if you add a comma in the end. Let’s see some examples − Lists Example In this example, we will add a trailing comma in the List and there won’t be any error − # Creating a List myList = ["Jacob", "Harry", "Mark", "Anthony", ] # Displaying the List print("List = ", myList) ... Read More
The colon is required for all these keywords, if, while, def, class, etc in Python to enhance readability. The colon makes it easier for editors with syntax highlighting i.e. they can look for colons to decide when indentation needs to be increased. Let’s see an example of an if statement − if a == b print(a) And, if a == b: print(a) The 2nd example is easier to read, understand and indent. This makes the usage of colon quite popular. The def and if keyword example We have an if statement in ... Read More
Python definitely has a with statement. It wraps the execution of a block, calling code on the entrance and exit from the block. Some languages have a construct like the below − with obj: a = 1 total = total + 1 The above a = 1 is equivalent to the following − obj.a = 1 And, total = total + 1 is equivalent to − obj.total = obj.total + 1 Programming Languages use static or dynamic types. Static Type Static refers to the execution of a program where type of object is ... Read More
The r in r-strings means raw strings. String literals may optionally be prefixed with a letter 'r' or 'R'; such strings are called raw strings and use different rules for interpreting backslash escape sequences. When an 'r' or 'R' prefix is present, a character following a backslash is included in the string without change, and all backslashes are left in the string. For example, the string literal r"" consists of two characters − a backslash and a lowercase 'n'. String quotes can be escaped with a backslash, but the backslash remains in the string; for example, r""" is ... Read More
Yes, there is no goto statement in Python. Let us first understand what is a goto in C Language. However, the usage of goto is also discouraged in C. The goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the 'goto' to a labelled statement in the same function. Following is the syntax − goto label; .. . label: statement; Example Let us now see a C program for goto − #include int main () { int a = 10; LOOP:do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a = a + 1; goto LOOP; } printf("a = %d", a); a++; }while( a
Let us first see what is an interface spec. The interface spec is an interface specification for a module provided by programming languages such as C++ and Java. It describes the prototypes for the methods and functions of the module. The abc module The abc module introduced in Python 2.6 to define Abstract Base Classes (ABCs). Use the isinstance() and issubclass() to check whether an instance or a class implements a particular Abstract Base Class. With that, the collections.abc module defines a set of useful ABCs such as Iterable, Container, and MutableMapping. The collections module has classes that derive from ... Read More
Example In this example, let’s first see the usage of list.sort() before moving further. Here, we have created a List and sorted in Ascending order using the sort() method − # Creating a List myList = ["Jacob", "Harry", "Mark", "Anthony"] # Displaying the List print("List = ", myList) # Sort the Lists in Ascending Order myList.sort() # Display the sorted List print("Sort (Ascending Order) = ", myList) Output List = ['Jacob', 'Harry', 'Mark', 'Anthony'] Sort (Ascending Order) = ['Anthony', 'Harry', 'Jacob', 'Mark'] Where performance matters more, making a copy of the list just ... Read More
Do you often encounter too much data and spend a lot of time selecting and clearing Excel sheets? If so, this tutorial will be helpful to you. When analysing elaborative Excel worksheets, removing non-relevant information often makes it easier to study them. This tutorial explains how to clear an entire spreadsheet and a specified range in MS Excel using two simple methods Method 1: How to Clear The Entire Sheet? This is an easy procedure. If you want to clear the entire sheet, you can use a keyboard shortcut or from the corner cell. We learn how to do ... Read More