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A number is a method used for representing an arithmetic value, measure, or count, of a physical quantity. A number system is defined as a method of naming and representing numbers. The concept of number system helps in defining the rules associated with the numbers and different operations on numbers. A number system is determined with the help of its radix or base. The radix or base of a number system is nothing but the total number of symbols used in the number system for representing the different numbers. For example, in the decimal number system, there are 10 ... Read More
What is Reflection Attack? A reflection attack is a type of cyber attack in which the attacker sends a large number of requests to a server, each with the victim's IP address as the source address. The server responds to these requests, sending a large number of responses back to the victim. This can cause the victim's network connection to become overloaded, disrupting their access to the Internet or other network resources. Reflection attacks are often used in conjunction with amplification attacks, in which the attacker uses a server with a large response capacity (such as a DNS server) to ... Read More
Authentication protocols are methods or procedures used to verify the identity of a user, device, or system. These protocols are designed to ensure that only authorized users or devices are able to access protected resources, and to prevent unauthorized access or tampering. Types of Authentication There are many different types of authentication protocols in use today, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Here are some common types of authentication − Password-based authentication − This is the most common form of authentication, in which a user provides a username and password to log in to a system or access ... Read More
What is HMAC? HMAC (short for "Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code") is a cryptographic hash function that uses a secret key as input to the hash function along with the message being hashed. The resulting hash value is unique to the message and the secret key, and can be used to verify the integrity and authenticity of the message. HMAC is widely used as a secure way to authenticate messages in various communication protocols, including HTTP, SSL, SSH, and many others. It is also commonly used to generate secure hashes for storing passwords, generating unique tokens for session management, and for ... Read More
What is ISAKMP? Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) is a framework for establishing security associations (SAs) and performing key exchange in a secure manner. SAS are agreements between two devices that define how they will communicate securely. Key exchange refers to the process of exchanging keys or other cryptographic material that is used to secure communication. ISAKMP is a protocol that defines the structure and format of messages used to establish and maintain SAs. It does not specify the actual cryptographic algorithms or keys that are used. Instead, it provides a framework for negotiating these details and ... Read More
What is a Birthday Attack? A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack that relies on the birthday paradox to find a collision in a hash function. A hash function is a mathematical function that takes an input (called a message) and produces a fixed-size output (called a hash value or hash). The output is usually represented as a string of characters. One of the main properties of a hash function is that it is very difficult to generate the same hash value from two different input messages. This property is called collision resistance. The birthday paradox is a ... Read More
What is a Public Key Signature? A public key signature is a type of digital signature that uses a pair of keys – a public key and a private key – to authenticate the sender of a message. The private key is kept secret by the sender and is used to create the signature, while the public key is made available to anyone who wants to verify the signature. Public key signatures are based on the principles of public key cryptography, in which a message encrypted with a public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key. This ... Read More
What is a Symmetric Key? A symmetric key is a type of cryptography in which the same secret key is used for both encrypting and decrypting a message. It is also referred to as a shared secret because both the sender and the recipient of the message must have the key in order to be able to encrypt and decrypt the message. Symmetric key algorithms are fast and efficient, but they require that both the sender and the recipient of the message have a copy of the key in advance. This can be a challenge in situations where the sender ... Read More
What is Symmetric Key Algorithms? Symmetric key algorithms are a type of cryptographic technique that uses a shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This means that the same key is used to encode and decode the message. Symmetric key algorithms are generally faster and more efficient than asymmetric key algorithms, but they require that the sender and receiver of a message share a secret key. Here are some of the basic principles of symmetric key algorithms − The same key is used for both encryption and decryption − In symmetric key algorithms, the same key is used ... Read More
What is Cryptographic? Cryptography is the study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties. It involves the use of mathematical algorithms and protocols to secure the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of communication. Cryptography is used in a wide range of applications, including securing communication over the internet, protecting sensitive data, and authenticating the identity of users. There are two main types of cryptography − symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography. In symmetric cryptography, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. This is suitable for situations where the sender and receiver of a message have ... Read More