Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
In this article, we will learn about the purpose of private constructor in Java. Constructor is a unique method used to initialize objects. Constructors are public or protected by default, which allows outside classes to create instances Why Use a Private Constructor? Private constructor is mainly applied to manage object creation. It does not allow other classes to instantiate the class, creating particular design patterns or restrictions. Purpose of a Private Constructor The private constructor is useful in case we want to restrict the object creation. For example − Singleton pattern can be implemented using ... Read More
The type attribute in JavaScript is optional since the introduction of HTML5 brought some new improvements. JavaScript became the default language for HTML5 and modern browsers. So, now adding text/javascript isn’t required in tag. This attribute is what is now recommended to indicate the scripting language in use and its value should be set to "text/javascript". Example Here you can see how it is used: Output
In this article, we will learn about the final parameter in Java. In Java, you can pass final variables as parameters to methods. The final keyword can be used with variables, methods, and classes to add restrictions on their behavior. What is a Final Parameter? A final variable can be explicitly initialized only once. A reference variable declared final can never be reassigned to refer to a different object. However, the data within the object can be changed. So, the object's state can be changed but not the reference. With variables, the final modifier often is used with static to ... Read More
Cron jobs are essential for automating tasks on GNU/Linux systems, from backups and system maintenance to scheduled reports and data processing. However, setting up cron jobs correctly is only half the battle. Testing and debugging them is equally crucial to ensure they run as expected and don't introduce unexpected issues. In our comprehensive guide we will explore various techniques for testing and debugging cron jobs in Linux, helping you keep your automated tasks running smoothly. Why Test and Debug Cron Jobs? Cron jobs run in the background, often without direct user interaction. This makes it essential to test and debug ... Read More
Security is paramount in any GNU/Linux environment. One common concern is the visibility of passwords, especially when using sudo. By default, when you type your password for sudo, nothing is displayed on the screen. This "blank" input is a security measure, but some users prefer to see asterisks (*) or other characters as they type to confirm that something is being entered. This guide will explore how to configure your GNU/Linux system to display asterisks or other masking characters when typing your sudo password, along with important security considerations. But Why Mask Passwords? Actually, The primary reason for masking ... Read More
The power and flexibility of Linux is deeply intertwined in its shell environment. Understanding how shell initialization files and user profiles work is crucial for customizing your Linux experience and optimizing your work-flow. These files control everything from your command prompt appearance to the environment variables available to your shell sessions. In this tutorial, we will explore the intricacies of shell initialization files, explaining their purpose, differences, and how to effectively use them. What are Shell Initialization Files? Shell initialization files, often referred to as "dotfiles" because of their leading dot (making them hidden by default in file managers), are ... Read More
The Linux boot process, while seemingly complex, is a well-defined sequence of events that brings your system from a powered-off state to a fully functional operating system. Understanding this process is crucial for troubleshooting boot issues, customizing your system, and gaining a deeper understanding of Linux internals. In this tutorial, we will provide a basic overview of the Linux boot process, explaining each stage in detail. The Stages of the Linux Boot Process The Linux boot process can be broadly divided into the following stages − BIOS / UEFI − Basic I/O System or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. MBR ... Read More
The Linux command line is a powerful environment for automating tasks and managing your system. While the built-in commands are highly versatile, creating custom shell functions and libraries can significantly enhance your work-flow, allowing you to encapsulate complex operations into reusable and easily accessible units. Read this tutorial to learn how to write, use, and manage custom shell functions and libraries in Linux. Why Use Custom Shell Functions and Libraries? Before we dive into the "how, " let's understand the "why." Custom shell functions and libraries offer several key advantages − Automation − Automate repetitive sequences of commands, saving ... Read More
Have you ever wondered how to accelerate your daily Linux system administration tasks in an efficient and simpler way? If yes, then you might probably heard that Bash (Your Daily Linux Shell) and as any interpreter out there has a lot which can be used to automate various Linux-related tasks. In this tutorial, we will explain how to use one of the built-ins in Bash (Functions) to get your task quickly done. Table of Contents What are Bash Functions? Benefits of using Bash Functions Getting started with ... Read More
A bytestring in Python is a sequence of bytes, represented using the bytes data type in Python 3. Bytestrings are primarily used to handle binary data or data that doesn't conform to the ASCII or Unicode encodings, such as images, audio files, and more. They are crucial for tasks that require low-level data manipulation. Creating a Bytestring To create a bytestring in Python, prefix a string literal with the letter b. This indicates to Python that the string should be interpreted as a sequence of bytes. Example In this example, we create a bytestring with the contents "This is a ... Read More