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Challenge Response Authentication Mechanism (CRAM) is a type of authentication method that is used to verify the identity of a user or device. This method of authentication is based on the principle of challenging the user or device to prove their identity by providing a specific response to a challenge. CRAM is commonly used in network security and is a popular method of authentication for devices and systems that require a high level of security. What is CRAM? CRAM is a type of authentication mechanism that is based on the principle of challenging a user or device to prove their ... Read More
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) is a widely used authentication method that provides an added layer of security to network connections. This protocol is commonly used in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections, such as those used for dial-up internet access or virtual private network (VPN) connections. The basic principle of CHAP is that it challenges the connecting client to prove their identity by providing a specific response to a unique challenge. This challenge-response mechanism is designed to prevent unauthorized access and protect against replay attacks. How CHAP Works CHAP uses a three-step process to authenticate a client. The first step is ... Read More
Computer networks are becoming more and more complex as technology advances. One of the key protocols that helps manage this complexity is the Common Address Redundancy Algorithm (CATA) protocol. This protocol is designed to help manage the process of assigning and managing IP addresses in a network. In this article, we will discuss the CATA protocol in depth, including its key features, how it works, and some examples of how it is used in real-world networks. What is the CATA Protocol? The CATA protocol is a protocol that is used to manage IP addresses in a network. It is designed ... Read More
In this article, we will learn a python program to interchange elements of the first and last rows in a matrix. Methos Used Using Temporary Variable(Using Nested Loops) Using Swapping(“, ”) Operator(Without Using Any Loops) Using pop(), insert() & append() functions Method 1: Using Temporary Variable(Using Nested Loops) Algorithm (Steps) Following are the Algorithms/steps to be followed to perform the desired task. − Create a function swapFirstandLastRow() to swap the first and last rows of an input matrix by accepting the input matrix, rows, and columns as arguments. Traverse through the matrix rows and columns and Swap ... Read More
In this article, we will learn a python program to interchange the diagonals of the matrix. Assume we have taken an NxN input matrix. We will now interchange the diagonals of an input matrix using the below methods. Methos Used The following are the various methods to accomplish this task − Using the Nested For Loops with Temporary Variable Using ‘, ’ Swapping Operator Algorithm (Steps) Following are the Algorithms/steps to be followed to perform the desired task. − Create a variable to store the input number of rows of a matrix Create a function printGivenMatrix() that ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to remove the last element from the set in Python. Methods Used The following are the various methods to accomplish this task − Using the discard() function Using the remove() function Using the pop() function Using the list slicing Method 1: Using the discard() function The discard() function removes the element from the set, bypassing the element as an argument to it. Algorithm (Steps) Following are the Algorithms/steps to be followed to perform the desired task. − Create a variable to store the input set containing integers. Use the discard() ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to perform Accurate Decimal Calculations in Python. Methods Used Using the Decimal() function of the decimal Module Using the fsum() function of the math module The inability of floating-point numbers to accurately represent all base-10 numbers is a well-known drawback. Furthermore, even straightforward mathematical computations have few errors. For instance − Example The following program shows the inability of floating-point integers to express all base-10 numbers accurately − x = 4.2 y = 3.1 # printing the sum of both the variables print("x + y =", x + ... Read More
In this article, we will learn Manipulating Pathnames using Python. Here are some different examples used mentioned below − Getting the main filename from the file path Getting the directory name from the file path Joining path components together Expanding the User's Home Directory Splitting the file extension from the file path Algorithm (Steps) Following are the Algorithms/steps to be followed to perform the desired task. − Use the import keyword to import the os module. Create a variable to store the input file path. Use the basename() function(returns the base name from the given ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to iterate over the tuples in Dictionary in python. Methods Used The following are the various methods used to accomplish this task − Using Indexing Using dictionary.values() Method Using dictionary.items() Method Tuples are an immutable, unordered data type used to store collections in Python. Lists and tuples are similar in many ways, but a list has a variable length and is mutable in comparison to a tuple which has a fixed length and is immutable. Method 1: Using Indexing len() function − The number of items in an object is returned ... Read More
In this article, we will learn a python program to get the file name from the file Path. Methods Used The following are the various methods to accomplish this task − Using the OS module functions Using Pathlib Module Using Regular expressions(regex module) Method 1: Using the OS Module Functions Get the File Name From the File Path using the split() Function The split() function splits a string into a list. We can define the separator; the default separator is any whitespace. Algorithm (Steps) Following are the Algorithms/steps to be followed to perform the desired task. − ... Read More