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Excel cells always have comments added to them so that we can attach useful supplementary data. The shape of the comment box is predefined as a square, however you can change its shape, which we are going to explain in this tutorial. Changing the Shape of a Comment Box in Excel Because of the complexity of this approach, you will need to put in a little bit more effort when using it. Let’s understand step by step with an example. Step 1 The very first thing that has to be done is to put the Change Shape command on the ... Read More
Consider that you have received a data in Microsoft Excel sheet with all the strings in uppercase. Now for you to read it easily you can change all uppercase strings to lowercase in a Microsoft excel sheet. The methods given in this tutorial can be used to change the uppercase string to lowercase strings. Changing the Uppercase Text to Lowercase Text in Excel Open a Microsoft Excel sheet, and enter the string as per your wish in the uppercase in a blank cell. Now enter the below given formula in the cell beside the uppercase string to get the string ... Read More
NS2 (Network Simulator version 2) is a discrete event network simulator that is widely used to simulate and analyze the behavior of computer networks. It is open-source software and is written in C++ and Otcl (Object-oriented Tool Command Language). The Otcl (Object-oriented Tool Command Language) is an extension of Tcl (Tool Command Language) and is used to create and control network entities and configure network scenarios in NS2. NS2 has two parts: the C++ part, which provides the underlying simulation engine, and the Otcl part, which provides the user interface and interaction between the user and the C++ part. The ... Read More
A network attack is any attempt to disrupt, compromise or gain unauthorized access to a computer network or its resources. Network attacks can be classified into several categories, depending on the method used, the target and the intent of the attacker. One way to classify network attacks is by their intent. Some attacks are designed to disrupt the normal operation of a network or its resources, while others are designed to steal sensitive information or take control of network resources. Another way to classify network attacks is by the method used. Some attacks involve exploiting known vulnerabilities in network software ... Read More
The SDLC, or Software Development Life Cycle, is a process used by organizations to plan, design, build, test, and deploy software. The SDLC provides a framework for managing the entire software development process, and it typically consists of several distinct phases. The basic frame structure of the SDLC is as follows − Planning − This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives, and requirements. It also includes identifying stakeholders, analyzing the business case, and creating a project plan. Analysis − In this phase, the requirements are gathered and the system is analyzed in order to create a detailed design ... Read More
The Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) is a security device that combines firewall, antivirus, intrusion prevention, and virtual private network (VPN) capabilities. The basic configuration of an ASA involves setting up basic networking, defining security policies, and configuring any desired VPN connections. Basic networking − Before configuring the ASA, you should make sure that the device has a valid IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. You can configure these settings using the device's command-line interface (CLI). Security policies − The ASA uses access control lists (ACLs) to define security policies that control traffic flow. You can use the CLI ... Read More
TCP Vegas is a variation of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) congestion control algorithm that aims to improve network performance by more accurately detecting and responding to network congestion. In standard TCP, the sender uses the number of packets that have been acknowledged by the receiver (the "congestion window") to control the rate at which it sends data. If the congestion window is large, the sender can send data more quickly, and if the congestion window is small, the sender sends data more slowly. However, this approach can be prone to errors, because the sender may not always accurately detect ... Read More
Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) is a protocol used to dynamically allocate bandwidth to different devices or applications on a network. The goal of BAP is to ensure that network resources are used efficiently, and that high-priority traffic, such as time-sensitive applications or real-time video, receives the bandwidth it needs to function properly. BAP can be implemented in several different ways, depending on the needs of the network and the devices that are connected to it. One common approach is to use Quality of Service (QoS) marking and prioritization to ensure that high-priority traffic receives priority over lower-priority traffic. This can ... Read More
Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP) is a protocol used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks to control the allocation of bandwidth among different virtual channels. It is used to ensure that bandwidth is allocated fairly among competing traffic streams, and to prevent any one traffic stream from monopolizing the network. BACP operates at the edge of the ATM network, in the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL). When a virtual channel is established between two endpoints, BACP is used to negotiate the amount of bandwidth that will be allocated to that channel. BACP also monitors the usage of the channel, and adjusts ... Read More
A Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) image is a type of software that runs on a Cisco router. It contains the necessary system files and utilities to allow the router to function as a network device, such as routing protocols, management tools, and security features. Backing up Cisco IOS Router image Backing up the Cisco IOS image on a router is an important step in the event that the current image becomes corrupt or is accidentally deleted. It is always recommended to have a backup copy of the Cisco IOS image before making any changes to the router, such as ... Read More