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Yes, the namespace can be nested in C++. We can define one namespace inside another namespace. This makes it easier for developers to design a more structured and hierarchical format for their code. Syntax The following is the syntax as below : namespace namespace_name1 { // code declarations namespace namespace_name2 { // code declarations } } You can access members of a nested namespace by using resolution operators as follows: // to access members of namespace_name2 ... Read More
In C++, both pointers and references are used to access and manipulate memory. But they behave differently. This guide explains each with simple words and examples. We understand the topic by learning how each is declared, used, and what differences exist between them. What are C++ Pointers? The pointers are used to store the address of a variable. We can change what they pointing to, and also can assign NULL to them. A pointer is similar to a signpost that contains the memory address of another variable, and you can directly access or change the variable by its address. Syntax ... Read More
In C++, the reference variable is an alternate name of already existing variable. It cannot be changed to refer another variable and should be initialized at the time of declaration and cannot be NULL. The operator '&' is used to declare reference variable. Reference variables are commonly used for parameter passing in functions, returning values, and aliasing existing variables. Syntax Following is the syntax for the reference variable in c++: datatype &refer_var = variable_name; Here, datatype − The datatype of variable like int, char, float etc. variable_name − This is ... Read More
LinkedList and LinkedHashSet are two important classes of Java's Collection framework. They are used to store groups of items, but they work in different ways and have their own unique features. What is a LinkedList in Java? Java LinkedList is a linear data structure that is used to store the same type of elements. It is a part of the Java Collections Framework, and it implements the List as well as the Deque interfaces. It has a dynamic size, which means it can grow and shrink as needed. Example The following is an example of how we write code for ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how to convert a JSON object into XML format in Java. But first, let’s understand what JSON and XML are. JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format, and the format of JSON is like a key-value pair. XML (Extensible Markup Language) is also a way to store data, but unlike JSON, it uses tags to make the proper structure. Why Do we Convert JSON to XML? There can be multiple situations where we would need to convert JSON to XML. Here are some of the reasons: XML is ... Read More
The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two numbers that precede it. ExampleBelow is the mathematical example to understand the logic of the Fibonacci number: Suppose, n = 3, then, F(0) = 0 F(1) = 1 F(2) = F(1) + F(0) = 1 + 0 = 1 F(3) = F(2) + F(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 .... .... So, Fibonacci numbers from F(0) to F(3): 0, 1, 1, 2.In this article, we will learn how to implement a C++ program to generate a Fibonacci series using recursion. ... Read More
The main() function is the entry point of every C++ program where execution begins. It is invoked automatically when the program is executed. The main() function returns the execution status to the operating system (indicating whether the program executed successfully or not). You can also use optional command-line arguments, argc and argv, to pass values to the program. Declaration /Prototype of main() The standard prototype of main() function is as follows: int main() { body } Or, int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { body } Here, argc : Number of arguments passed to the program from the environment ... Read More
In the OOPs concept of C++, the parent class represents the root of the hierarchy while the derived class is inherited from the parent class. The derived class is presented using the scope resolution operator (::). The derived class is also known as the child class or subclass. What is Parent Class? The parent class is also called a base class used to design the structure of variable and function initialization based on access specifiers (private, public, and protected). Syntax Following is the syntax of parent class in C++: class ParentClass { // Access specifiers: ... Read More
In C++, arranging the elements in increasing or decreasing order is called as Sorting. we usually use the sort() function from the STL (Standard Template Library). A sorted array is an array whose each of the elements are sorted in some order such as numerical, alphabetical etc. There are many algorithms to sort a numerical array like bubble sort, insertion sort, selection sort, merge sort, quick sort, heap sort, etc. The selection sort is a sorting method that yields a sorted array. It does so by repeatedly finding the smallest element in the array and interchanging it with the element ... Read More
In C++, the strand sort is a recursive sorting algorithm. It is used to extract increasing subsequences repeatedly (called strands) from the input list and merge them into a sorted list. There are multiple libraries that can be used for different purposes. This sorting is one of them. This sorting technique is particularly good for sorting linked lists, but can be used with arrays too. The following is a list of approaches for strand sorting in C++: These approaches is to extract sorted strands (in increasing/descending order) from the unsorted list and merge them one by one into a final ... Read More