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In C, a pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable or memory block, i.e direct address of the memory location. Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before using it to store any variable or block address. Basic Pointer to a Function A pointer to a function is simply a variable that stores the address of a function instead of a normal data value. Syntax Following is the syntax of basic pointer to a function: Datatype *variable_name Algorithm Following is the algorithm for the basic pointer to a Function: Begin. ... Read More
Clamping refers to limiting a number to a specific range, i.e., making sure that the number lies between the minimum and maximum value mentioned. This method is used in applications like graphics and statistical computations, as it requires the data to stick to specific limits. Clamping Floating Numbers in Python The following are some of the approaches to clamp floating numbers in Python - Creating a User-Defined Function Since Python has no built-in clamp function, in the following program, we will create our clamp() function, which takes three parameters - n (number to be clamped), min (minimum value), and max (maximum ... Read More
In C++, we can work with files to read, write, or even combine(append) their contents. Here, our task is to append the content of one text file to another. Imagine a scenario where we have two txt files which is named as 'source.txt' and 'destination.txt' files. So, with the help of these files we need to copy everything from the source file and append it at the end of the destination file. ExampleHere, we are giving an input as two text files as source.txt and destination.txt to append content in C++: source.txt file contains "Tutorials" destination.txt file contains "point" ... Read More
Every program runs as a process in Linux operating system. When a process ends or gets disconnected from its parent, special types of processes can be created. These processes are known as zombie and orphan processes. Details about the zombie and orphan processes are given as follows: Zombie Processes A zombie process is a process whose execution is completed but it still has an entry in the process table. Zombie processes usually occur for child processes, as the parent process still needs to read its child's exit status. Once this is done using the wait system call, the zombie process ... Read More
In this article, we will learn how an IllegalStateException (unchecked) is thrown in Java. IllegalStateException is a subclass of RuntimeException. It occurs when a method is used at the wrong time or when an object is not in the right state. What is an IllegalStateException? An IllegalStateException is an unchecked exception in Java. This exception may arise in our Java program mostly if we are dealing with the collection framework of java.util.package. There are many collections, such as List, Queue, Tree, and Map, of which List and Queues (Queue and Deque) throw this IllegalStateException under particular conditions. When will ... Read More
The GUI in Java processes the interactions with users via mouse, keyboard, and various user controls such as buttons, checkboxes, text fields, etc., as events. These events are to be handled properly to implement Java as an Event-Driven Programming. What is Event Handling? Event handling refers to the mechanism that controls events and determines the actions taken when an event occurs. This mechanism includes code known as an event handler, which is executed in response to an event. Components in Event Handling The following are the three main components of event handling in Java: Events ... Read More
In this article, we will learn to implement right right-click menu using JPopupMenu in Java. A JPopupMenu appears anywhere on the screen when the right mouse button is clicked. JPopupMenu A JPopupMenu menu is a free-floating menu that is associated with an underlying component called the invoker. Most of the time, a popup menu is linked to a specific component to display context-sensitive choices. Syntax The following is the syntax for JPopupMenu initialization: JPopupMenu popup = new JPopupMenu(); In order to create a popup menu, we can use the JPopupMenu class., We can add the JMenuItem to the ... Read More
In C++, the new operator is mainly used for allocating memory on the heap, but to initialize that memory, you need to explicitly declare and provide a value to it.Here, the new operator dynamically allocates memory for a variable or object during runtime and returns a pointer to the allocated memory. Here are the following ways you can initialize memory using the new operator: For built-in types For arrays For objects new Operator in Built-in Types The built-in types are the basic data types in C++, which ... Read More
A List in C++ STL library is hardcoded implementation of a doubly linked list data structure. In this article, we will learn how to implement and use a list in C++ . What is List? List is a doubly linked container provided in the C++ STL library, in which each element points to both its previous and next elements. Meaning, in this list we can quickly traverse in both forward and backward direction using pointers just like a doubly linked list. Compared to vectors or arrays, these lists allow fast insertions and deletions from the middle of the sequence. ... Read More
Forward List is a type of singly linked list available in the C++ STL (Standard Template Library). In this artcile, we will learn how to use forward_list from C++ STL library. What is Forward List? Forward list is a linear data structure which allows traversal only in one direction. It is similar to a singly linked list where each element points to the next element and moves in forward direction. It supports operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal from the beginning to end but not in reverse direction. The insertion and deletion operations are comparatively very fast in ... Read More