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A multiset is an associative container that stores data in a sorted order in such a way that it allows duplicate values in the set. In this article, we will learn how to use a multiset from the Standard Template Library (STL) in C++. What is Multiset? Multiset is a sorted associative container that allows storing multiple elements with the same value. The values are automatically arranged in sorted order. This makes it useful in scenarios where you need to keep count of repeated values while maintaining order. For example, we can store the scores of students even ... Read More
A multimap is an associative container that stores elements in a key-value pair format, where multiple values can share the same key. In this article, we will learn how to use a multimap from the Standard Template Library (STL) in C++. What is Multimap? Multimap is a sorted associative container that stores data in key-value pairs, where keys can occur multiple times. Keys are stored in sorted order, and you can insert, access, and remove elements based on the key. For example, in a multimap we can store student names with their scores even if some students have ... Read More
A map is an associative container that stores elements in a key-value pair format. Each element has a unique key and a corresponding mapped value. No two mapped values can have the same key. In this article, we will learn how to use a map from the Standard Template Library (STL) in C++. What is Map? Map is a sorted associative container that contains key-value pairs with unique keys. Keys are sorted automatically, and each key is associated with a value. You can insert, access, and remove elements based on the key. For example, we can store ... Read More
In this chapter, we will understand character classes, how they work. and provide simple examples and programs to explain their usage. One of the main components of regular expressions is character classes or character sets. Character classes help you to define a set of characters that will match in a string. They can be used to define a range of characters or specific characters to consider during a search. Character Classes or Character Sets A "character class, " also known as a "character set, " which helps you inform the regex engine to match only one of numerous characters. Simply ... Read More
The comma-separated values (CSV) is a text format that is used for storing tabular data. In Python, we will come across situations where CSV data is available in string format. For performing operations on this data, we need to convert it into an array. Python provides multiple ways to achieve this conversion. In this article, we are going to learn about converting the CSV string into an array. Using Python split() Method In this approach, we are going to use the Python split() method, which is used to split all the words in a string separated by ... Read More
In this article, we are going to find out how to do string concatenation without the plus operator in Python. Generally, String concatenation is the process of joining two or more strings into one, and the common way to do this is by using the '+' operator. For example, writing "Welcome" + " " + "TP" results in the string "Welcome TP". But here we need to perform the concatenation without the '+' operator. For achieving this, Python provides alternative methods, which we will explore one by one. Using Python join() Method The first approach is ... Read More
In Python, you can store a function as a text string in a SQLite database using the sqlite3 module. You cannot run the function directly from the database, but you can retrieve the code later and execute it using Python's exec() or eval() functions. This is helpful when you want to store or update function logic, like in code editors, plugins, or apps that run user-created scripts. Using sqlite3 and exec() Function The sqlite3 module is used to create and work with SQLite databases in Python. The exec() function can run Python code that is stored as a string, including ... Read More
To catch an exception for both base and derived classes, we need to put the catch block of the derived class before the base class. Otherwise, the catch block for the derived class will never be reached. This happens because C++ follows a top-down approach when checking catch blocks. So, by placing the derived class catch block first, we ensure that specific exceptions are handled correctly before falling back on the base class. Algorithm Following is the algorithm to catch Base and Derived classes Exceptions in C++: Begin Declare a class B. Declare another ... Read More
The size of a file refers to the number of bytes it occupies in memory. In C, size of a file can be found by moving the file pointer to the end of the file and checking its position. The position indicates the number of bytes the file contains. The most common way to do this is by using two functions: fseek() (to move to the end) and ftell() (to get the current position, which is the size of the file). Syntax Following is the syntax is as follows: FILE *fp = fopen("file.txt", "rb"); fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_END); long size = ... Read More
In this problem, we will see how to print "Hello World" into the console, but we cannot write anything into the main function. This problem can be solved in different ways. Initially, we will create a global variable, then we will store the returned value of the printf() function into that variable. When printf() is executed, then it will be printed. You can print "Hello World" without using the logic inside the main() function in different ways, such as using Global Constructors, Class Object and macros, or preprocessor, etc. Using Global Constructor A global constructor is the constructor of a global object ... Read More