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In the OSI (Open Source Interconnection) model, the resource reservation model comes under the fourth layer which is the transport layer protocol. This protocol is particularly used for the purpose of reserving network resources. In RSVP, the resources are associated and maintained by the receiver so it is also known as a receiver-oriented protocol. The Real-time system means the work that has to be delivered to the client within a specific time. In this article, two real-time systems are explained using the resource reservation protocol. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Definition In networking, Resource Reservation Protocol is used as it provides ... Read More
Deadlock in an operating system happens when a process gets into a waiting state as other processes hold the resources which need to be used. This problem generally happens during multi-processing environments, distributes systems, and parallel computation systems. In distributed systems, deadlocks are considered the major problem, where the resources requested by the process are not available due to other processes holding onto it. A distributed system contains a set of processes p1, p2, p3…pn that do not share a common memory, and communication is made only by passing messages through the network. This does not have a global clock ... Read More
A routine is said to be a computer program with a set of instructions that is used for the execution of the system program. They allocate or deallocate the memory used after completion of its execution as per instructions given as routine-routine or even functions. The process is termed as the programs that are currently in execution state and utilizes the resources of CPU. Each process undergoes different states like active, new, ready, block, and wait, suspended during its life cycle. Multiprogramming environment is done to the processes which require it, where each process is classified into preemption and non-preemption ... Read More
Memory is considered a major part of the operating system to store and access the data. Memory management is a complex task that is performed by the OS when the main memory has limited space and requires more switching operations during multiuser environments. It functions to manage the status of the processes which are in ready, waiting, or execution states and allocates or frees the memory location based on the completion of each process. Each process is allocated to a specific memory location and its status of it is monitored and updated in the memory management system. During a multiprogramming ... Read More
Introduction Each file stored in computer memory has specific information that is given by the user. The files stored in the file system can be in various forms like image, audio, video, text etc. All these forms of data have different format extensions. Operating system is responsible for managing the operations of the file that are stored in the computer. The input file data can be stored in primary memory or secondary memory devices to store and retrieve information. The file is represented in terms of bits, bytes, or any records that can be defined by the author of the ... Read More
In Python, we can group lists by the first character of a string using various methods like using a Dictionary, using itertools.groupby, using a Defaultdict, etc. This can be useful in various scenarios, such as organizing names or categorizing data. In this article, we will explore different approaches to group lists by the first character of a string using Python. Method 1:Using a Dictionary In this method the keys of the dictionary will represent the first characters, and the corresponding values will be lists containing all the strings starting with that character. Syntax list_name.append(element) Here, the append() function is ... Read More
Python dictionary is one of the most popular data types among the following 4 datatypes. The dictionary defines the key with value pair and doesn’t allow the duplicate. The values are either strings or integers. Sometimes, while working on the dictionary it has some empty values that the None value can fill. For example- when we are working on a machine learning dataset it has found that some of the rows are empty and can be filled by the value None when performing the particular task. In Python, we have some built-in functions like items() and lambda that can be ... Read More
Grouping keys to values is the process of categorizing data based on specific attributes or criteria. For example, imagine you have a dataset of students, and you want to group them by their grades. This grouping allows us to easily analyze and perform computations on each category separately. In Python, we can Group keys to values list in various ways like using dictionaries, defaultdict, and itertools.groupby. In this article, we will understand how we can Group keys to a Values list using these methods. Method 1:Using Dictionaries We can easily group keys to values using dictionaries in Python. Let's consider ... Read More
The term prefix is defined by the beginning of the word or letter. In this article, we will learn how to use Python built-in functions like startswith(), filter(), lambda, and len() to Filter list elements starting with a given Prefix using Python. Let’s take an example to understand this − Let’s take an example to understand this: Given element list, My_list = [“Amelia”, “Kinshuk”, “Rosy”, “Aman”] Keyword to be searched, Prefix = “Am” Final result = [“Amelia”, “Aman”] Syntax The following syntax is used in all the examples − startswith() The is a built-in ... Read More
In Python, we can get the indices of uppercase characters in a given string using methods like using List Comprehension, using a For Loop, using Regular Expressions etc. Finding the indices of Uppercase characters can be useful in text analysis and manipulation. In this article, we will explore different methods to obtain the indices of uppercase characters in a given string. Method 1:Using List Comprehension Using list comprehension we can iterate through the characters of a string, check if they are uppercase using the isupper() method, and stores their indices in a list. It provides a concise and ... Read More