Computer Fundamentals - Internet

Definition − "The Internet is a network of computers that links many different types of computers all over the world. It is a Network of networks sharing a common mechanism for addressing (identifying) computers, and a common set of communication protocols [1]."

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a network of networks; it is a global network of computers or computer devices to transmit data or information over the network. It uses standard Internet protocols like TCP/IP to link billions of computer devices worldwide. The main goal of the Internet is to make it easier for people to share information. This can be done with a lot of different tools on the Internet. You can use email, list servers, newsgroups, telnet, gopher, FTP, and the World Wide Web, among other tools.

The data or information is transmitted over the computer network using a transmission medium; it can be a wired or wireless medium. In wired data transmission, the data is transmitted using some set of cables like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and fiber optic cable while in wireless communication data transmission; data is transmitted via cellular networks, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication.

Architecture of the Internet

The internet's architecture allows devices worldwide to communicate and exchange data.

Layers and components make up this intricate structure.

Fig: Architecture of the Internet

A simplified view of Internet architecture is as −

End Devices − End devices include PCs, cellphones, tablets, servers, IoT devices, etc. at the network edge. These devices produce and use data.
Network Infrastructure − Routers, switches, cables, fibre-optic lines, satellites, and wireless access points are all part of the network. Data travels between end devices via network infrastructure.
Protocols − Protocols regulate network data and how it is received. The modern Internet is based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP), which includes −
- Internet Protocol (IP) − This protocol is responsible for addressing and routing packets of data so they can travel across the network.
- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) − TCP establishes connections, acknowledges data, and retransmits missing packets to make sure that data packets are transferred securely and in sequence.
- User Datagram Protocol (UDP) − UDP, unlike TCP, is a connectionless protocol that does not ensure reliable delivery. It is frequently employed in real-time applications where a tiny delay is preferable to data loss.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) − ISPs are firms that provide internet connection to customers, companies, and other organisations. They maintain the physical infrastructure and connections that allow people to access the internet.

The architecture of the Internet is a dynamic and ever-evolving system; it is continually adapting to technological advancements and changing demands.

Why is the Internet Called a Network?

The term "internet" means "interconnected network." A network is a set of interconnected computer networks that utilise standardised protocols to communicate. The following points demonstrate why the Internet is referred to as a network −

Interconnectedness − The internet is made up of many networks. Small local area networks (LANs) in homes and businesses to worldwide networks controlled by ISPs, corporations, and governments are examples of these networks. These networks are linked by routers, switches, and other networking devices.
Communication Infrastructure − The basic objective of a network is to make it easier for devices to communicate with one another and share information.

Fig: A Computer Network

These devices can include laptops, servers, cellphones, Internet of Things devices etc.

Hierarchical Structure − Many networks, including the Internet, are hierarchical. At the lowest level, devices are connected locally. The global internet is formed by connecting small networks to larger networks in a hierarchical framework.

Hierarchical organisation streamlines data routing and management.
Distributed Control − Distributed control models are used on networks like the Internet. Instead, ISPs, network managers, and users share control. This distributed control keeps the internet stable, resilient, and secure.

The term "network" appropriately depicts the internet's interconnectedness and importance in global communication and data sharing.

How does the internet work?

The Internet is operational because it is comprised of a sophisticated network of interconnected networks that enable devices to communicate with one another on a global scale. Two main concepts are fundamental to the way the Internet functions − packets and protocols.

Packets

When data is transmitted over the Internet, it is first divided into smaller packets, which are then converted into bits. Different networking equipment, such as routers and switches, route packets to their intended destinations; when the packets arrive at their destination, the receiving device reassembles them in the proper order before using or displaying the data.

Packet switching is the transfer of small pieces of data across networks. Packets of data allow faster, more efficient data transfer. User-sent files are often sent in smaller data packets over networks. A 3MB file will be broken into packets with packet headers that specify the origin IP address, destination IP address, number of packets, and sequence number.
Protocols

The Internet is based on a collection of standardised communication protocols known as the Internet Protocol Suite, or TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). This protocol stack ensures that data packets are consistently and efficiently sent over the network. In addition to the basic protocol, there are some other protocols for routing, testing, and encryption.

All Internet-connected devices and computers can comprehend these protocols, the Internet works no matter who or what connects to it.

Routers

A router is a device that sends data packets across different computer networks based on the destination of the packets. Routers are like traffic cops of the Internet; they make sure that data goes to the right networks.
Switches

Switches link networked devices. Packet switching routes packets to the right devices.

These devices send outgoing packets to them, which they route.
DNS

Web servers are specialised computers that are equipped with a high level of processing power. They are responsible for storing and delivering content (webpages, photos, and videos) to users. In addition, servers are responsible for responding to DNS inquiries and carrying out a variety of other essential activities to ensure that the Internet remains operational. The vast majority of servers are stored in massive data centres, which can be found in many parts of the world.

History of Internet

A brief history of the Internet is as −

Early Concepts (1960s) −
- A decentralised network of computers was first envisioned in the early 1960s by scholars like J.C.R. Licklider and Leonard Kleinrock
- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), which was supported by the United States Department of Defence, became the first operational packet-switched network in 1969.
Development of Protocols (1970s) −
- The 1970s saw important networking protocol advancements. Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn created TCP/IP to standardise network data transport.
- Ray Tomlinson's design of the first email client and SMTP protocols enhanced network communication capabilities.
Expansion and Commercialization (1980s) −
- The 1980s saw the expansion of the internet.
- In 1986, the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) was founded to connect educational and scientific institutions and organisations located all over the United States.
- In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web (WWW), a system of hyperlinked documents accessible online, revolutionising the internet.
Growth (1990s) −
- The 1990s saw the internet commercialise and grow rapidly, driven by commercial ISPs and graphical browsers.
- The introduction of web browsers like Mosaic, Netscape Navigator, and Internet Explorer increased internet accessibility for the public.
- E-commerce, online banking, and social networking sites emerged, transforming the Internet for business and social interaction.
Mobile Internet and Social Media (2000s - 2010s) −
- Smartphones and wireless networks led to an increase in mobile internet access in the 2000s and 2010s.
- Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube became popular online platforms, enabling global communication and content sharing.
Internet of Things (IoT) and Future Trends (2010s - present) −
- The Internet of things (IoT) connects everyday objects and devices to the Internet, allowing new applications and services.
- Emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and 5G networks are driving internet innovation and transformation.

Uses of the Internet

In today's time internet is used everywhere; the followings are some of the most common uses of the internet.

Communication − The internet allows instant contact using email, messaging apps, social media, and voice/video calls. It keeps people in touch with friends, family, co-workers, and communities worldwide.
24/7 Information Access − The internet provides access to a vast repository of information on virtually any topic imaginable. Users can search for news, research papers, tutorials, and educational resources, which allows them to gain information and valuable insights.
Entertainment − The internet offers a plethora of entertainment options, including Movie, TV, music, and podcast streaming services available online. Social media, online gaming, and digital art platforms also enrich internet entertainment.
E-commerce − Online shopping has revolutionised retail, letting people shop from home. E-commerce platforms offer a vast selection, reasonable pricing, and easy payment and delivery.
Education − Online courses, virtual classrooms, and instructional materials have changed education. Students can learn new skills, get degrees, and participate in learning regardless of location.
Business and Entrepreneurship − The advent of the internet has provided businesses, effectively engage with customers, promote and sell their products or services, and facilitate online transactions. Furthermore, it has enabled entrepreneurs to initiate new businesses, market and sell products on online commerce platforms, and reach international markets.
Social Networking − Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn enable users to interact with others, exchange material, and participate in debates. Social networking has become an essential part of Internet communication and community formation.
Healthcare − The internet allows for telemedicine, remote consultations, and access to health information and resources. Patients can make appointments, renew medicines, and seek medical advice online, making healthcare more accessible and convenient.
Government Services − Many government services are now available online, such as tax filing, permit applications, voter registration, and access to public data. E-government initiatives improve administrative operations and citizen engagement.

Advantages and disadvantages of the Internet

Advantages of the Internet

The use of the internet is increasing day by day. It facilitates uses in different ways. Some of the notable advantages of the internet are as −

Medium of Communication and Information Sharing − The Internet enables different communication methods, including email, instant messaging, social networking platforms, and VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) services like Skype and Zoom. These solutions allow individuals and groups to communicate in real-time or asynchronously from distant locations.
Accessibility − The Internet allows its users to access it 24/7; it refers to the ability of individuals to connect to and utilize the Internet at any time.
E-Commerce − Online purchasing and transactions have transformed commerce.
Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba enable worldwide e-commerce, the use of digital payment systems such as PayPal and Stripe makes it possible to conduct secure transactions online.
Government Services − The Internet improves government operations and makes it easier for inhabitants to communicate with them online, enhancing quality, lowering expenses, and increasing transparency.
Entertainment and Media − There is a wealth of entertainment available online, including streaming services that allow users to view movies, TV episodes, music, and other multimedia content whenever they want it (e.g., Spotify, Netflix, and YouTube).
Social Networking − Society has changed a lot because of the internet. It has changed how people work, learn, and connect with the world. It has made it easier for people all over the world to meet and work together, but it has also raised concerns about privacy, security, fake news, and the digital divide.
Education / Learning − Users can access well-researched subject-related content, video lectures, and online education on the Internet. Online videos, lectures, and notes make learning unique.
Online Banking − The Internet allows its users to do online banking; it also offers mobile apps, allowing customers to perform banking-related tasks or operations conveniently from their smartphones or tablets, further enhancing accessibility and flexibility.
Health Care − Remote clinical services over the Internet improve patient access to quality, cost-effective health care. Innovative home health devices let doctors monitor patients without expensive house calls and provide real-time feedback.
Economic Development / Source of Earning − The Internet is a good source of income in today's time. It offers your skills and services on freelancing platforms like Upwork, Freelancer, or Fiverr. People can do online jobs or work from home like online writing, graphic design, programming, digital marketing, and many more to earn money.
Bill Payments − It allows users to pay electricity bills, Tax Pay, Municipal council bills like water bills etc., online and generate receipts for future reference. This process saves a lot of time and makes a user convenient.
Tour and Travels − The Internet has made life easy; it has transformed the tourism and travel industry, benefiting travellers and businesses. Travellers may find destinations, attractions, lodgings, and transportation online. Travel websites, blogs, forums, and review platforms allow customers to research, read reviews, and plan vacations based on their interests and budget.

Overall, the internet continues to evolve rapidly, driving innovation and reshaping different aspects of human life in cutting-edge technology.

Disadvantages of the Internet

The internet has different benefits; it also has disadvantages. It's essential to recognize and address its disadvantages to ensure that its benefits can be maximized while mitigating potential harms. Some of the most notable ones are listed below −

Internet Addiction / Waste of Time − Addiction to the internet is not only a waste of time but also harms the mental health, productivity, and relationships of people.

Social media, online gaming, and other internet activities can cause addiction.
Cybersecurity Threats / Cyber Crime − Cybersecurity concerns include hacking, malware, phishing, and identity theft. Insufficient security can endanger personal and financial data.
Privacy Concerns − During internet access, users' data privacy is often at risk because businesses collect large amounts of user’s information for targeted ads and other uses. Malicious people may also be able to access personal information without permission.
Misinformation and Fake News − Misinformation and fake news can spread quickly on the internet, which has led to a lot of false information that can misguide people.

This could be a serious consequence for society.
Isolation and Social Disconnect − The internet connects individuals worldwide, but it can also isolate them and reduce face-to-face interactions; it's a big concern for society that families are losing health relations.
Cyberbullying and Harassment − The anonymity of the internet can encourage cyberbullying, harassment, and trolling. Online abuse victims may suffer long-term psychological anguish.
Exposure to Inappropriate Content − Children may accidentally or purposely encounter age-inappropriate content including violence, pornography, hate speech, and violent imagery online. This content marks negative effects not only on children's mental and emotional well-being but also on other people who belong to different age groups.
Online Predators − Internet anonymity can help predators target and exploit youngsters on social media, messaging applications, forums, and gaming platforms.

Predators may recruit youngsters for sexual exploitation, coercion, or other forms of abuse.
Distraction and Productivity Loss − People often get distracted from important jobs by notifications, emails, social media updates, and other online temptations that are always there. This reduces personal and professional productivity and efficiency.
Dependency on Technology − People are more likely to be affected by problems like cyberattacks, technical breakdowns, and infrastructure outages because they depend more on the internet and digital technologies. People who depend too much on technology may also lose traditional skills and information.