Sumana Challa

Sumana Challa

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I turn tech jargon into human language for a living !!!

26 Articles Published

Articles by Sumana Challa

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How to multiply large numbers using Python?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 3K+ Views

Python has built-in support for arbitrarily large integers, making it easy to multiply numbers of any size without worrying about overflow errors. Since Python 3, all integers automatically handle large numbers transparently. Python's integer type can work with numbers far beyond the limits of traditional 32-bit or 64-bit systems. When you perform arithmetic operations, Python automatically handles the memory allocation needed for large results. Using the Multiplication Operator The multiplication operator (*) works seamlessly with numbers of any size in Python ? # Multiply very large numbers a = 15421681351 b = 6184685413848 c = ...

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How to calculate catalan numbers with the method of Binominal Coefficients using Python?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 380 Views

Catalan numbers are defined as a sequence of natural numbers that can be used to find the number of possibilities of various combinations. The n-th Catalan number is calculated using the binomial coefficient formula: C(n) = (2n)! (n+1)! × n! Using binomial coefficient: This can also be expressed as: C(n) = (1/(n+1)) × C(2n, n), where C(2n, n) is the binomial coefficient. For example, if n = 3: C(3) = (1/4) × C(6, 3) = (1/4) × 20 = 5 Calculate Catalan ...

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What are .pyc files in Python?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 41K+ Views

We usually write programs in Python and save the file with .py extension. However, there is another file type called .pyc, which is automatically generated by the Python interpreter while executing the source code. What is a .pyc File? When you execute a Python program, the Python interpreter doesn't directly execute the .py file; instead, it parses the source code, compiles it into bytecode (a low-level representation of the Python source code), and stores it as the .pyc file. Further, this bytecode is executed with the Python Virtual Machine (PVM). A .pyc file is usually created when ...

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How to create a duplicate file of an existing file using Python?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 1K+ Views

In Python, duplicates of an existing file are created as backups to manipulate data and to preserve original version. To create a duplicate file of an existing file using Python we can use the shutil module or pathlib module, which we will discuss in detail with examples. Here are the various approaches for this: Creating Duplicate File Using shutil Module Creating Duplicate File Using open() Function Creating Duplicate File Using pathlib Creating Duplicate File Using shutil Module The shutil module is used ...

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What are the key differences between Python 2.7.x and Python 3.x?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 649 Views

Python 3.0 was released in December 2008. It was designed to rectify certain flaws in earlier versions. Python 3.0 doesn't provide backward compatibility. That means a Python program written using version 2.x syntax doesn't execute under the Python 3.x interpreter. Version 2.7 is the final major release in the Python 2.x series. The guiding principle of Python 3 was: "reduce feature duplication by removing old ways of doing things". Although there are quite a few differences in usage of these two versions, the most obvious ones are mentioned below − Print Statement Vs Function print is ...

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How to open a binary file in read and write mode with Python?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 3K+ Views

A binary file is a file that consists of a series of 1's and 0's, typically used to represent data such as images, audio, video, and executables. Python provides the built-in open() function to work with binary files in read and write mode. The open() Function The Python open() function is a built-in function used to open files. It accepts a file path as a parameter and returns a file object. You can specify the mode parameter to control how the file is opened. Syntax open(file, mode) Binary File Modes To open ...

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How do I import all the submodules of a Python namespace package?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 1K+ Views

Namespace packages are a type of package in Python that allows you to split sub-packages and modules within a single package across multiple, separate distribution packages. Unlike normal packages, namespace packages don't require an __init__.py file. Automatically importing all submodules within a namespace package serves several purposes, like auto-registration without manually importing, and loading all available plugins in a system. Using pkgutil.iter_modules() The pkgutil.iter_modules() function finds and lists submodules and subpackages within a given package. It returns an iterator containing ModuleInfo objects, each with information about a found module or package ? import pkgutil import ...

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How to create python namespace packages in Python 3?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 3K+ Views

Namespace packages are a special type of package introduced in Python 3.3 that allows you to split package contents across multiple directories. If you don't include at least an empty __init__.py file in your package, then your package becomes a namespace package. In Python, a namespace package allows you to spread Python code among several projects. This is useful when you want to release related libraries as separate downloads. Currently, there are three methods for developing namespace packages: Native namespace packages (PEP 420) pkgutil-style namespace packages ...

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How I can install unidecode python module on Linux?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 2K+ Views

Unidecode is a Python module that converts Unicode text into plain ASCII characters. This is useful when working with text containing special characters or non-English characters that need to be simplified for processing or display. What is Unidecode? Unidecode translates Unicode characters to their closest ASCII equivalents. For example: "kožušček" becomes "kozuscek" "北京" becomes "Bei Jing" "naïve" becomes "naive" "Café résumé" becomes "Cafe resume" This module is commonly used for processing international data, user-generated content, and creating URL-friendly strings. Prerequisites Before installing Unidecode, ensure you have Python and pip installed. Python 2.7.9+ ...

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Where are the python modules stored?

Sumana Challa
Sumana Challa
Updated on 24-Mar-2026 4K+ Views

Python modules are files containing Python functions, variables, constants, and objects with a .py extension. Understanding where modules are stored helps with troubleshooting errors, managing packages, and working with Python environments. What are Python Modules? A Python module is a file containing Python functions, variables, constants, and objects with a .py extension. This file can be imported inside another program to reuse its functionality. Understanding module locations is helpful for: Troubleshooting import errors Installing third-party packages correctly Creating your own modules ...

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