Z-TransformThe Z-Transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in time domain into the algebraic equations in the z-domain. Mathematically, the Z-transform of a discrete-time signal or a sequence $\mathit{x}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{n}\right)}$ is defined as −$$\mathrm{\mathit{X}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{z}\right)}\:\mathrm{=}\:\sum_{\mathit{n=-\infty }}^{\infty }\mathit{x}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{n}\right)}\mathit{z}^{-\mathit{n}}}$$Properties of Z-TransformThe following table highlights some of the important ... Read More

Discrete Time Fourier TransformThe discrete time Fourier transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert a discrete time sequence into the frequency domain. Therefore, the Fourier transform of a discrete time signal or sequence is called the discrete time Fourier transform (DTFT).Mathematically, if $\mathit{x}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{n}\right)}$ is a discrete time ... Read More

Inverse Z-TransformThe inverse Z-transform is defined as the process of finding the time domain signal $\mathit{x}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{n}\right)}$ from its Z-transform $\mathit{X}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{z}\right)}$. The inverse Z-transform is denoted as −$$\mathrm{\mathit{x}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{n}\right)}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{Z}^{-\mathrm{1}}\mathrm{\left[\mathit{X}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{z}\right)}\right]}}$$Partial Fraction Expansion Method to Find Inverse Z-TransformIn order to determine the inverse Z-transform of $\mathit{X}\mathrm{\left(\mathit{z}\right)}$ using partial fraction expansion method, the denominator of ... Read More

Average PowerThe average power of a signal is defined as the mean power dissipated by the signal such as voltage or current in a unit resistance over a period. Mathematically, the average power is given by, $$\mathit{P}\:\mathrm{=}\:\lim_{T \rightarrow \infty}\frac{1}{\mathit{T}}\int_{\mathrm{-(\mathit{T}/\mathrm{2})}}^{\mathrm{(\mathit{T}/\mathrm{2})}}|\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}|^\mathrm{2}\:\mathit{dt}$$Parseval's Power TheoremStatement − Parseval's power theorem states that the power of ... Read More

Inverse Z-TransformThe inverse Z-transform is defined as the process of finding the time domain signal $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{n})}$ from its Z-transform $\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{z})}$. The inverse Z-transform is denoted as:$$\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{n})}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{Z}^{\mathrm{-1}} [\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{z})}]$$Long Division Method to Calculate Inverse Z-TransformIf $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{n})}$ is a two sided sequence, then its Z-transform is defined as, $$\mathit{X}\mathrm{(z)}\:\mathrm{=}\:\displaystyle\sum\limits_{n=-\infty}^\infty \mathit{x}\mathrm{(n)}\mathit{z}^{-\mathit{n}}$$Where, the Z-transform $\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{z})}$ ... Read More

Laplace TransformThe Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the differential equation in time domain into the algebraic equations in the frequency domain or s-domain.Mathematically, if $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}$ is a time domain function, then its Laplace transform is defined as −$$\mathit{L}\mathrm{[\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}]}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{s})}\:\mathrm{=}\:\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})\mathit{e^{-st}}}\mathit{dt}\:\:\:..(1)$$Equation (1) gives the bilateral Laplace transform ... Read More

Laplace TransformThe Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the differential equation in time domain into the algebraic equations in the frequency domain or s-domain.Mathematically, if $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}$ is a time domain function, then its Laplace transform is defined as−$$\mathit{L}\mathrm{[\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}]}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{s})}\:\mathrm{=}\:\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})\mathit{e^{-st}}}\mathit{dt}\:\:\:..(1)$$Equation (1) gives the bilateral Laplace transform of ... Read More

Laplace TransformThe Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the differential equations in time domain into the algebraic equations in the frequency domain or s-domain.Mathematically, if $\mathrm{\mathit{x\left ( \mathit{t} \right )}}$ is a time domain function, then its Laplace transform is defined as −$$\mathrm{\mathit{L\left [ x\left ... Read More

Laplace TransformThe Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the differential equation in time domain into the algebraic equations in the frequency domain or s-domain.Mathematically, if $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}$ is a time domain function, then its Laplace transform is defined as −$$\mathit{L}\mathrm{[\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}]}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{s})}\:\mathrm{=}\:\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})\mathit{e^{-st}}}\mathit{dt} \:\:\:...(1)$$Equation (1) gives the bilateral Laplace ... Read More

Laplace TransformThe Laplace transform is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the differential equation in time domain into the algebraic equations in the frequency domain or s-domain.Mathematically, if $\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}$is a time-domain function, then its Laplace transform is defined as −$$\mathit{L}\mathrm{[\mathit{x}\mathrm{(\mathit{t})}]}\:\mathrm{=}\:\mathit{X}\mathrm{(\mathit{s})}\:\mathrm{=}\:\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\mathit{x}\mathrm{(t)}\mathit{e^{-st}}\mathit{dt} \:\:...(1)$$Equation (1) gives the bilateral Laplace transform of ... Read More