The physical layer is important for sending bits from one device to the other device. The physical layer is not concerned with the bits description, but it handles with physical relation to the mechanism with connection and signals acceptance.Design Issues in Physical LayerThe design issues of physical layers are as ... Read More

ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It can be used to bridge the Central Office’s local loop and the premise connection (home). It is a network in which digital switching links are used to connect digital signals.Integrated Services refers to ISDN’s ability to deliver two simultaneous connections, in any ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of electronic mail which is commonly known as Email.EmailEmail stands for Electronic mail. It is described as the transmission of messages on the web. Email needs multiple protocols inside the TCP/IP suite. For example, SMTP can send messages, while the POP or IMAP protocols are ... Read More

Server Virtualization is the phase of breaking a physical server into multiple virtual servers known as virtual private servers. Each virtual private server can run freely. The concept of Server Virtualization is broadly used in the IT infrastructure to diminish the costs by improving the utilization of existing resources.Server Virtualization ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding what Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is.SCTPSCTP represents Stream Control Transmission Protocol. It is a new stable, message-oriented transport layer protocol. It is frequently designed for Internet applications that have been introduced.These new applications include IUA (ISDN over IP), M2UA and M3UA (telephony signaling), H.248 ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding the concept of a control plane.Control PlaneThe control plane is that element of a network that carries data necessary to create and control the network. It is an element of the theoretical framework used to learn the flow of data packets between network interfaces.The control ... Read More

PPP represents Point-to-Point Protocol. It is a protocol that is frequently used to support similar functionality as SLIP. It is the most robust protocol that can share multiple types of packets also along with IP Packets. It can be required for dial-up and hired router-router lines. It usually provides the ... Read More

Let us begin by understanding what Frequency-Division Multiplexing FDMA is.FDMAFrequency-Division Multiplexing is an analog technique used when the channel’s bandwidth is larger than the consolidated bandwidths of the signals to be advertised.In FDM, there are several frequencies that are combined into an individual composite signal and shared on the channel. ... Read More

MQTT represents Message Queuing Telemetry Transport. It is a hugely lightweight and publish-subscribe messaging transport protocol. This protocol is beneficial for the connection with the remote areas where the bandwidth is excellent.These features make it helpful in various situations, such as a stable environment like communication machine to machine and ... Read More

Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI reference model. It represents creating a shared transmission medium and frequent transmission of the data frame in a computer transmission setting.It can access a natural flow of elements for the physical layer at the sender device. The basic flow of ... Read More