The objective of the network is to send data among its users located locally or remotely. Hence, it is possible that undesired users can hack the web and prove harmful to the network or the user's health.The network administrator should follow a few essential points to provide the network with ... Read More

SMTP represents Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP is a set of interaction guidelines that allow the software to transmit electronic mail over the internet, referred to as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.The main objective of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between servers. The servers have a way of ... Read More

TFTP operation is very simple. The client sends a read or write request at the server's UDP port 69. The server accepts the request by sharing data messages in case of the read request and sending acknowledgement in the write request. In either case, the server chooses a UDP port ... Read More

When using File Transfer Protocol (FTP), the user implements some or all of the following operations −Connecting to a remote hostTo implement a file transfer, the user begins by logging into the remote host. Four commands are used.Open selects the remote host and sets up the login session.User recognizes the ... Read More

FTP represents File transfer protocol and it is a standard internet protocol supported by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from one host to another. FTP needs TCP as a transport protocol to help the reliable end to end connections and executes two types of connections in managing data transfers.The ... Read More

The functions of the presentation layer are as follows:It provides the users with a way to execute the session service primitives. For that, it uses the contexts, each consisting of some data types and their transfer syntaxes. When a session is established, the peer entities negotiate for one or more ... Read More

The sixth layer of the OSI reference model is the presentation layer. This layer is concerned with the issue relating to the external data representation. It is up to the session layer that we have assumed the user data as a string of bits, and we have discussed the conditions ... Read More

The session layer services are provided by a functional unit set, which constitutes the session layer. The session layer can be understanding as a general-purpose tool kit out of which the user selects the tools to be used.The functions provided by the session layers are as follows:Session EstablishmentThe session layer’s ... Read More

It is one of the parts of the upper layers. The Application Layer, Presentation Layer, and Session Layers form the OSI reference model's upper layers. They provide user-oriented services. The session layer provides a defined set of services to the presentation layerPresentation Layer uses session layer protocols and transport services. ... Read More

SCTP stands for Stream Control Transmission Protocol. It is a new reliable, messageoriented transport layer protocol. SCTP, however, is mostly designed for Internet applications that have recently been introduced. These new applications, such as IUA (ISDN over IP), M2UA and M3UA (telephony signaling), H.248 (media gateway control), H.323 (IP telephony), ... Read More