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Articles by Esther Susan
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Types of Culture: Callus, Suspension, Nurse, Root, Meristem
Introduction Tissue culture is a technique used in biological research that involves introducing small pieces of plant or animal tissue into a brand-new, artificial environment, where they continue to function or develop. Although only a small portion of a tissue is frequently employed, it is significant to remember that whole organs can also be used for tissue cultivation. Here, the process is aided by the use of growth media like broth and agar. Callus Culture Callus is fundamentally an unorganized, dedifferentiated mass of cells that forms from any type of explant when cultured in vitro. The parenchymatous cells that ...
Read MoreSignal Transduction: Definition and Pathways
Introduction A cellular response produced as a result of a series of molecular processes, most frequently protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, known as signal transduction, which is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transferred through a cell. Although in some instances the term sensor is used, generally speaking, proteins that detect stimuli are referred to as receptors. Definition The process through which a cell reacts to things outside of it via signaling molecule that is both inside and on its surface. The majority of molecules that result in signal transduction are chemical substances ...
Read MoreSignal Peptides: An Overview
Introduction A signal peptide, also known as a signal sequence, is a brief peptide that is typically 16 to 30 amino acids long. It can also occasionally be found nonclassically at the C or internal regions of most newly synthesised proteins that are headed for the secretory pathway. These proteins include those that are either inserted into most cellular membranes or found inside specific organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or endosomes. The majority of type II and multi-spanning membrane-bound proteins are directed to the secretory pathway by their first transmembrane domain, which biochemically resembles a signal sequence ...
Read MoreProtein Targeting or Protein Sorting
Protein Targeting The biological process by which proteins are delivered to their proper locations inside or outside the cell is known as protein targeting or protein sorting. Proteins can be secreted to the outside of the cell, the plasma membrane, various intracellular membranes, the interior of an organelle, or the plasma membrane. The protein itself contains information that controls the delivery mechanism. Sorting correctly is essential for the cell, and problems with sorting have been connected to a number of illnesses. Introduction In eukaryotic cells, various proteins must be delivered to various locations within the cell or, in some ...
Read MorePlant DNA C Values
Introduction Regardless of the species' level of ploidy, the C-value refers to the quantity of nuclear DNA in the unreplicated gametic nucleus. A carnivorous herb called Genlisea margaretae has a genome size of 0.129 pg (63 Mbp), whereas the monocot Trillium hagae has a genome size of 264.9 pg (for reference, Arabidopsis thaliana has a genome size of 0.321 pg; Bennett and Leitch, 2005; Zonneveld et al., 2005; Greilhuber et al., 2006. The plant C-value database contains C-value information for more than 5000 plant species. Genome Size The total amount of DNA in the unreplicated haploid nucleus, or ...
Read MoreMolecular Genetics and Biotechnology
Introduction Basic molecular genetics research has created brand-new possibilities for illness diagnosis. The potential to translate research results into practical applications in industry is enormous. A branch of biology that studies how variety in animals arises from variations in the structures or expression of DNA molecules is called Molecular Genetics. Genetic screens are frequently used in molecular genetics to "investigate" the structure and/or function of the genes in an organism's genome. Cellular biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, and biotechnology, as well as traditional Mendelian inheritance, provide the foundation of the field of study. To connect a gene sequence to a ...
Read MoreHistory of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture Tissue fragments from animals or plants are transplanted to an artificial environment where they can continue to thrive and function as part of the biological research technique known as tissue culture. One cell, a group of cells, an entire organ, or a portion of an organ may make up the cultured tissue. In culture, cells can divide, alter their shape, size, or function, engage in specialised activity or collaborate with other cells. Introduction to Culture Media Biological culture media, such as blood serum or tissue extract, chemically defined synthetic media, or a combination of the two may ...
Read MoreEnvironmental Biotechnology: An Overview
Introduction Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is used to understand the environment and is applied to it. Environmental biotechnology may also suggest that one tries to control biological processes for profit. Environmental biotechnology is described as "the development, use, and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments (land, air, and water), and for environment-friendly processes (green manufacturing technologies and sustainable development)" by the International Society for Environmental Biotechnology. Definition The simplest definition of environmental biotechnology is "the best use of nature, in the form of plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and algae, to produce renewable energy, food, and nutrients ...
Read MoreCulture Media: Types and Uses
Introduction A growth medium, commonly known as a culture medium, is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid that is intended to foster the growth of a population of microorganisms, cells, or miniature plants, such as the moss Physcomitrella patens, through the process of cell proliferation. Various cell types are grown in various types of medium. Growth Media The two primary categories of growth media are those used in cell culture, which employ certain cell types obtained from plants or animals, and those used in microbiological culture, which are used to grow microorganisms like bacteria or fungi. Nutrient broths and ...
Read MoreCellular Biotechnology: An Over View
Introduction Only with development of the compound microscope during 17th-century in Europe, cells were first observed. After gazing at a piece of cork and noticing a cell-like structure, Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" (published in Micrographia) in 1665. Nevertheless, the cells were dead and gave no hint to the true overall components of a cell. Just few years later, in 1674, during his investigation of algae, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek became the first to examine live cells. All of this came before the cell theory, which argues that cells are the basic building blocks of life and that they make ...
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