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Articles by karthikeya Boyini
Page 28 of 143
Cellular Architecture
Cellular architecture is the foundation of mobile communication systems that enables wireless connectivity across large geographical areas. It divides service areas into smaller regions called cells, each served by a base station to provide efficient frequency reuse and seamless communication. The cellular architecture is constituted of the following components: A network of cells − Each cell contains a base station that provides radio coverage for mobile devices in that area. A packet switched network − Facilitates communication between base stations and mobile switching centers. The public switched telephone network (PSTN) − Connects ...
Read MoreNetwork Interface Device
A Network Interface Device (NID), also called network interface unit (NIU), is an interface between the network provider's local loop and the customer premises. These devices appear as grey boxes outside customer buildings, marking the point where the service provider's data wires end and the customer's internal wiring begins. Network Interface Device (NID) Connection Point Service Provider Local Loop NID ...
Read MoreSecond-Generation (2G) Mobile Phones
Second-generation (2G) mobile phones switched from the analog system of 1G to digital communication. It was commercially launched in 1991 as the GSM standard in Finland. Unlike 1G phones, 2G systems offered improved voice quality, data services, and enhanced security through digital transmission. 2G systems were also known as Personal Communications Services (PCS) and marked the beginning of modern mobile communication by introducing digital signal processing and basic data capabilities. 2G Mobile Technology Evolution 1G (Analog) Voice only Poor quality ...
Read MoreLocal Access and Transport Areas
In U.S. telecommunications, Local Access and Transport Area (LATA) refers to a geographical area allocated to telephone companies for providing local telecommunication services. These telephone companies are legally termed as Local Exchange Carriers (LECs). A LATA may be contained within a single U.S. state or may span across multiple states, as defined by the Telecommunications Act of 1996. LATAs serve as regulatory boundaries that determine which company can provide specific types of telecommunication services in different areas. LATA Structure and Connections LATA A ...
Read MoreGlobal System for Mobile Communications
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the most widely used digital mobile telephony system. GSM technology was first launched in Finland in 1991. It was developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for 2G mobile communications. Presently, GSM comprises approximately 90% of mobile connections worldwide. GSM Network Architecture Mobile Station (MS) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Switching (NSS) Operations Support (OSS) ...
Read MoreVSAT
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is a two-way, low-cost ground microstation for transmitting data to and from communication satellites. A VSAT has a dish antenna with diameters between 75 cm to 1.2 meters, which is very small compared to the 10+ meter diameter antennas used in traditional satellite earth stations. VSATs access satellites in geostationary orbits (GEO) positioned approximately 36, 000 kilometers above the Earth's equator. Data transmission rates in VSAT networks typically range from 4 Kbps to 16 Mbps, making them suitable for various applications from simple data transactions to broadband internet access. ...
Read MoreHow To Set Up Multiple SSL Host With A Single Apache Server
In this article, we will show you how to set up multiple SSL certificates on a CentOS server with Apache using a single IP address. Traditionally, website administrators were restricted to using one SSL certificate per IP address, which required purchasing multiple IP addresses for HTTPS websites or additional hardware with multiple network adapters. This limitation is overcome by an extension to the SSL protocol called Server Name Indication (SNI). Most modern desktop and mobile web browsers support SNI, allowing you to secure multiple websites without purchasing additional IP addresses. Multiple SSL Certificates with ...
Read MoreLow-Earth Orbit Satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are communication and observation satellites that orbit below 2000 km from the earth's surface, positioned below the lower Van Allen radiation belt. They move at very high speeds and do not maintain a fixed position relative to Earth, requiring multiple satellites to provide continuous coverage. LEO Satellites Orbital Configuration Earth LEO Orbit (~500-2000km) ...
Read MoreHow to Setup HAproxy Load Balance Server for Sharing Web Traffic
This article demonstrates how to configure HAProxy as a load balancer to distribute web traffic across multiple servers, providing high availability and improved performance for web applications. HAProxy is a free, open-source TCP/HTTP load balancer that ensures your website remains accessible even when individual servers fail. Server Setup Overview For this tutorial, we'll configure three CentOS 6.7 servers: HAProxy Load Balancer: 192.168.57.150 Web Server 1: 192.168.57.147 Web Server 2: 192.168.57.148 HAProxy Load Balancer Architecture HAProxy 192.168.57.150 Web Server ...
Read MoreWhat is Piggybacking in Networking?
In reliable full-duplex data transmission, the technique of hooking up acknowledgments onto outgoing data frames is called piggybacking. Why Piggybacking? Communications are mostly full-duplex in nature, i.e. data transmission occurs in both directions. A method to achieve full-duplex communication is to consider both the communication as a pair of simplex communication. Each link comprises a forward channel for sending data and a reverse channel for sending acknowledgments. However, in the above arrangement, traffic load doubles for each data unit that is transmitted. Half of all data transmission comprise of transmission of acknowledgments. So, a solution that ...
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