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Articles by karthikeya Boyini
Page 27 of 143
Abstract Classes in C#
An abstract class in C# includes both abstract and non-abstract methods. A class is declared abstract using the abstract keyword. You cannot instantiate an abstract class directly — it must be inherited by a derived class that provides implementations for all abstract methods. Syntax Following is the syntax for declaring an abstract class and an abstract method − public abstract class ClassName { // Abstract method — no body, must be overridden public abstract void MethodName(); // Non-abstract method — has a body, can be inherited ...
Read More'this' keyword in C#
The this keyword in C# is used to refer to the current instance of the class. It is also used to differentiate between method parameters and class fields when they have the same name. Another usage of the this keyword is to call another constructor from a constructor in the same class, known as constructor chaining. Syntax Following is the syntax for using this to refer to instance members − this.fieldName = value; Following is the syntax for constructor chaining using this − public ClassName(int a) : this(a, 0) { ...
Read MoreTransmission of Light Through Fiber
In fiber optic communication, signals are transmitted through an optical fiber using the fundamental properties of light, specifically refraction and total internal reflection. Understanding these optical principles is essential for grasping how data travels through fiber optic cables over long distances with minimal loss. Refraction When a light ray travels from one transmission medium to another with different optical density, its direction changes at the interface between the two media. This phenomenon is called refraction of light. The optical density of a medium is measured by its refractive index. A higher refractive index indicates a denser medium. ...
Read MoreComparison of Fiber Optics and Copper Wire
Fiber optic cables are finding increasing usage due to a number of advantages over the traditional copper wires. However, there are a few drawbacks in their usage too that need to be considered when choosing the appropriate transmission medium. Fiber Optic vs Copper Wire Transmission Fiber Optic Cable Light signals Glass core High speed Copper Wire ...
Read MoreLink Control Protocol (LCP)
Link Control Protocol (LCP) is a crucial component of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) that operates at the data link layer. It is responsible for establishing, configuring, testing, maintaining, and terminating point-to-point links for data transmission. LCP also handles negotiation of setup options and features between the two endpoints of a communication link. How It Works When PPP initiates communication, it sends LCP packets before establishing connections over the point-to-point link. These LCP packets test the communication line to determine if it can handle the required data volume at the specified speed. Based on this assessment, LCP negotiates the ...
Read More10 Netstat Command Examples on Linux
The netstat command is a powerful network utility that displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships on Linux systems. This command is essential for network troubleshooting and monitoring active connections on your system. Display All Connections To show all listening and non-listening sockets, use the -a option: netstat -a This displays both active connections and listening ports: Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address ...
Read MoreThe Local Loop
In a telephone system, the local loop is a two-wire connection between the subscriber's house and the end office of the telephone company. It is commonly referred to as the "last mile" of the telephone network, representing the final physical connection that delivers telecommunication services to end users. The loop may run from 1 km to as far as 10 km depending on the geographic location and infrastructure. Local Loop in Telephone Network Subscriber Home/Office Central ...
Read MoreThe Mobile Telephone System
Mobile telephone service (MTS) connects mobile radio telephones with other networks like public switched telephone networks (PSTN), other mobile telephones and communication systems like Internet. This system enables seamless communication between mobile devices and fixed networks worldwide. Basic Mobile Communications System Mobile phones and other mobile devices, called mobile stations, are connected to base stations. Communication between the mobile stations and the base stations are done by wireless radio signals, which may be both data signals and voice signals. Each base station has a coverage area around it, such that mobile stations within this area can connect ...
Read MoreImproved Mobile Telephone System
The Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) was a pre-cellular radio communication system that connected mobile devices to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Introduced in 1964, IMTS served as the wireless equivalent of landline dial-up telephones and represented a significant advancement over its predecessor, the Mobile Telephone System (MTS). IMTS operated as a centralized system where a single high-power transmitter served mobile users within its coverage area, typically spanning 25-50 miles radius depending on terrain and transmitter placement. IMTS System Architecture IMTS Base Station ...
Read MoreADSL versus Cable
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a broadband technology that transmits digital data at high speeds over existing telephone lines to homes and businesses. Cable networks provide internet, television, and telephone services through existing cable TV infrastructure using coaxial cables. Both technologies offer high-speed internet access but use different underlying infrastructure and have distinct performance characteristics that affect user experience. ADSL vs Cable Network Infrastructure ADSL Network Home Twisted Pair ...
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