Introduction Normally, the measurement of enthalpy and internal energy change is carried out by an experimental approach. This approach is known as calorimetry which is an important part of chemistry. It is mainly a technique which is developed on thermometric procedures. Here, a calorimeter is the vessel in which the procedure happens. In this part, the vessel is submerged in a known liquid volume. What is Enthalpy? Enthalpy is the heat energy and it is absorbed during a chemical reaction progression. In this part, enthalpy is represented by H and it indicates the energy amount. The change ... Read More

Introduction The division of the sciences we know about so far does not stop at Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. As we delve deeper into these realms, we come across an increasing need to classify our knowledge into various sub-branches under these three main headings of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. For example, organic chemistry deals with carbon-based compounds and their properties. One such branch of Physics is what we call thermodynamics. While the field of thermodynamics is incredibly vast, we will try to summarize its definition here and then discuss two main types of thermodynamic processes, namely, isothermal, and adiabatic. ... Read More

Introduction In thermodynamics, we study various law to understand the mechanism and output of a system that takes energy from a source or reservoir then perform work and give output. To describe the complete activities in a very simple and right manner there are main 3 laws of thermodynamics. In which the 2nd law of thermodynamics is quite important. The second law of thermodynamics has two-part or we can say two statements; Kelvin-Plank's statement and Clausius's statement. Our focus in this article is Kelvin-Plank's statement. In simple words, the Kelvin-Plank statement expresses that no human can build an engine that ... Read More

Introduction Temperature is an -important aspect of science and it is the most important aspect of daily life. It is seen as the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the articles of an object. It is seen that with the increase in temperature, particle motions also increase. It is seen when the particles move first, and then the temperature increases more. Definition of Temperature It is seen that temperature is the expression through which the coldness or hotness of a body can be defined. The expression is done through different scales like Celsius and Fahrenheit. Temperature is nothing but ... Read More

Introduction Statistical physics is defined as the physics plot which has taught humans with multiple practical modules. Statistical physics utilises the procedures of statistics and probability theory. The mathematical tools especially help for managing large populations and mitigating the problems of physics. Statistical physics help in illustrating the wide fields with the inherent stochastic nature. The main purpose of statistical physics is to clarify the matter properties concerning physical laws governing the motion of atoms. Statistical physics illustrates and quantitatively discusses super fluidity, turbulence, superconductivity, a collective condition in plasma and solids and the structural characteristics of a liquid. What ... Read More

Introduction Statistical mechanics is widely considered to be a major pillar of modern physics. This topic is useful in the study of a physical system with multiple degrees of freedom. This particular approach is considered probability theory, statistical methods and microscopic physical laws. The term statistics mechanics was first postulated by J. Willard Gibbs in 1884. This mechanics is highly advantageous in obtaining the exact approach that is needed to be taken to connect the thermodynamic quantities to microscopic behaviour. Statistical Mechanics: Definition This is the sub-division of the theoretical physics that studies the sausage of the probability theory and ... Read More

Introduction Reversible and irreversible processes are utilised in thermodynamics to illustrate the system behaviour. Often several chemical and physical happenings are going around people which are often not acknowledged. Some of the procedures cannot even be realised, with their existence often eluding the people. However, the procedures do happen and there is a distinction in the participant's state taking part in the procedures. For example, water boiling, ice melting, things burning and many more. One aspect is similar, that is the difference in nature. Heat or energy exchange is classified under reversible and irreversible processes. What are reversible and irreversible ... Read More

Introduction An important International system of measurement is regarded as an SI unit. In terms of any technical as well as a scientific research area, SI units are used widely. Any kind of confusion within units of quantities can be avoided with proper SI units. Having knowledge about SI units is helpful as a particular set of unit systems can be understood properly with this. In physics, there are various types of quantities that need to be expressions with some units. All kinds of quantities are classified into two significant groups namely base units and also derived units. Presentation ... Read More

Introduction The first law of thermodynamics states that in all closed systems, the total energy of the system is constant—it cannot be created or destroyed. This means that it’s impossible to make heat without also making work, and vice versa. The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system can never decrease, but must increase over time as it approaches equilibrium with its surroundings. However, there are ways to optimize thermal efficiency—one of these is Carnot’s theorem. Overview of Carnot's Theorem In a thermodynamic system, heat cannot be converted completely into work. This is due to a concept ... Read More

Introduction A substance's heat capacity is definable by the amount required heat to approve the temperature of the amount given by the substance with units of temperature like degree-Celcius. Energy is needed to alter the capacity of a substance in terms of heat measurement. The concept of the thermal properties is expressed to measure the heat capacity of an item in terms of measuring the relation between the Constant Volume (CV) and Constant Pressure (CP). In this tutorial, the relation between the CV and CP is expressed with the right properties that are relatable to the heat measurement. An overview ... Read More