In Haskell, an enumeration (or "enum") is a type that has a finite set of values. The values are called constructors, and are usually defined using the data keyword. Here's an example of an enumeration type that represents the four seasons − data Season = Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter Enumerations are used to represent things like states, modes, or options that have a fixed set of possible values. Method 1: Iterate over enumeration type This method is used to directly iterate over the enumeration type in Haskell. Here, we define the list of all the enumeration ... Read More

Haskell is a functional programming language and does not have a concept of inheritance. Instead, it uses type classes to achieve similar functionality. This tutorial will help us in implementing the same in Haskell. Method 1: Implement a type class that simulates multiple inheritances. This method uses type class to simulate the multiple inheritance. Here, we define two parent class and one child class. And the function of child class is being called. Once the function is being called it will take instance from both the parent class and the final output is displayed. Algorithm Step 1 − The ... Read More

This tutorial will help us in initializing and printing a complex number. In Haskell, the Data.Complex library provides a Complex type to represent complex numbers. Method 1: Using Complex data type This method defines a Complex data type that holds the real and imaginary parts of a complex number, and an instance of the Show type class for Complex, which allows it to be printed using the putStrLn function. In the main function, it creates a complex number object with real part and imaginary part. Then it prints the complex number using the putStrLn function and the show function. Algorithm ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to remove all ‘nil’ elements from the array. Till now we all know that an array can store elements of a single data type. But Swift array can also hold elements of multiple data types. To store multiple data types in the array we use [Any], where [Any] specifies that the address can hold elements of any data types. Similarly an array also contain nil value. Here we use the following methods to remove nil elements from the array. Using compactMap() function Using filter() function ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to find the prime numbers from the array. Prime numbers are those numbers that are only divisible by 1 and itself. Or we can say prime number have only two factors that are 1 and the number itself. For example, 1, 2, 7, 3, 11, 31, etc. So to find the prime numbers from the given array, we individually check each element of the given array is prime or not. Algorithm Step 1 − Create a function. Step 2 − Check if the number is greater than ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to find even numbers from the array. Even number are those number which are completely divisible by 2. For example, 2, 6, 50, 20, etc. Here we use the following methods to find the even numbers from the array. Using for-in loop Using filter() function Method 1: Using for-in loop To find the even numbers from the given array we use for-in loop. Using for-in loop we iterate through each element of the given array and check if the element is even number or not. ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to fetch elements from an array based on an index. Using array syntax An array is used to store elements of same data type in an order whereas a set is used to store distinct elements of same data type without any definite order. In an array, every element has an index. The array index is start from 0 and goes up to N-1. Here N represent the total number of array elements. To retrieve elements from the array according to their index we can use subscript syntax. ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to convert set of string to array of string. An array is used to store elements of same data type in an order whereas a set is used to store distinct elements of same data type without any definite order. Now to convert a set of string to an array of string we use the following two methods − Using Array() initializer Using map() function Method 1: Using Array() Initializer To convert a set of string to an array of string we can use Array() initializer. ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to write a swift program to append an element into an array. An array is used to store elements of same data type in an order whereas a set is used to store distinct elements of same data type without any definite order. Here we use the following methods to append an element into an array − Using append(_:) function Using operator Method 1: Using append(_:) function To append an element in the array we uses append( function. The append(_:) function adds a new element at the end of the array. ... Read More

Writing efficient code is very important as it makes the development time faster and leads our program to be able to understand, debug and maintain easily. We will discuss various techniques like benchmarking, vectorization and parallel programming to make our R code faster. You must learn these techniques if you are aspiring to be a data scientist. So, let’s get started − Benchmarking One of the easiest optimizations is to have the latest R version to work for. The new version cannot modify our existing code but it always comes with robust library functions that provide improved execution time. The ... Read More