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In C/C++, Java, etc., ++ and -- operators are defined as increment and decrement operators. In Python, they are not defined as operators. Increment and Decrement Operators in Python In Python, objects are stored in memory. Variables are just labels. Numeric objects are immutable. Hence, they can't be incremented or decremented. However, prefix ++ or -- doesn't give an error but doesn't perform either. As Prefix  In the following example, when have used prefix increment which does not raise an error - x=5 print(++x) print(--x) Following is the output of the above code - 5 5 As Postfix In ... Read More

The % symbol in Python is defined as the modulo operator. It can also called as remainder operator. It returns the remainder of the division of two numeric operands (except complex numbers). The Python modulo % operator is a part of arithmetic operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), exponential (**), and floor division (//). The following is the basic syntax for the % modulo operator - x % y Modulo Operation on Integers When we perform a modulo operation on two integers, the result is the remainder of the division, ... Read More

In Python, the XOR operator is one of the bitwise operators and is represented by the caret symbol ^. It returns 0 if both operands are the same and 1 if the operands are different. Truth Table of XOR The following is the truth table of the XOR (exclusive OR) operator - A B ... Read More

In Python, 'not in' membership operator evaluates to true if it does not finds a variable in the specified sequence and false otherwise. For example >>> a = 10 >>> b = 4 >>> l1 = [1,2,3,4,5] >>> a not in l1 True >>> b not in l1 False Since 'a' doesn't belong to l1, a not in b returns True. However, b can be found in l1, hence b not in l1 returns False

The Python ternary operator returns a value based on whether a condition is True or False. It is similar to an if-else statement but is expressed in a single line. For understanding the ternary operator, we need to have an idea about conditional statements. Let's have a basic understanding of the if-else statement. We will have an if block followed by an else block here. The if block is executed when the given condition is True,  and the else block is executed if the given condition is False. The following is the basic syntax of the if-else statement - if condition: ... Read More

The keys() method of Python dictionary class returns a view object consisting of keys used in the dictionary.>>> d1 = {'name': 'Ravi', 'age': 21, 'marks': 60, 'course': 'Computer Engg'} >>>d1.keys() dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'marks', 'course'])It can be stored as a list object. If new key-value pair is added, the view object is automatically updated.>>> l1=d1.keys() >>> l1 dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'marks', 'course']) >>>d1.update({"college":"IITB"}) >>> l1 dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'marks', 'course', 'college'])

The update method is one of the methods of the dictionary data structure. It is used to update the values in the already created dictionary, which means it adds a new key-value pair to the dictionary. The updated key and value will be updated at the last. Python update() Method in Dictionary The dictionary is represented by curly braces{}. The dictionary contains key and value pairs, collectively called items, which can accept any data type of elements as values. It is mutable, which means once the dictionary is created, we can apply the changes. It has key-value pairs separated by ... Read More

Multidimensional Dictionaries in python Multidimensional dictionaries are part of the dictionaries in Python, which are used to store data. Created by assigning a dictionary to a key within another dictionary, these structures are represented by curly braces {} and can accommodate any data type. Their mutable nature allows modifications after creation. They are composed of unique key-value pairs, separated by a colon (:). While keys are unique, values can be duplicated. Accessing values requires using keys, as dictionaries do not support indexing. To retrieve specific key values, use the key combined with indexing. Syntax The following is the syntax for ... Read More

The XML is the markup language used to transfer the data. The XML syntax is the same as the HTML, whereas the tags are predefined in HTML and not in XML. This offers us to store the data between the opening and closing tags. In Python, dictionaries store data as key-value pairs. We can serialize a dictionary to XML format using two popular libraries: dict2xml (widely used) dicttoxml ... Read More

Double Quotes in PythonDouble quotes are used to represent a string or a character. The functionality of the single quotes and double quotes is the same. We can use any type of quote as per our requirement. The following is the syntax to create a string using double quotes in the Python programming language. str = “text” Example Let’s see an example to understand the functionality and usage of the double quotes in Python. Initially, we have created a string by passing the sentence in double quotes and assigned it to the variable str. Next we printed ... Read More