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Page 1203 of 2109
How to change legend values in a bar plot created by using ggplot2 in R?
How to change legend values in a bar plot created by using ggplot2 in R?By default, the legend values are taken as the different levels of the categorical variable for which a bar plot is created using ggplot2 package and if we want to change those values then scale_color_manual function of the ggplot2 package can be used where we need to pass the values for color and labels for legend values.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(1214) > x1 y1 df1 df1Output x1 y1 1 B 4 2 B 5 3 C 5 4 ...
Read MoreProgram to find sum of the deepest nodes in C++
Suppose we have a binary tree; we have to find the sum of values of its deepest leaves. So if the tree is like −Then the output will be 11.To solve this, we will follow these steps −Define a map m, and maxDepthDefine a recursive method solve(), this will take node and level, initially level is 0if node is not present, then returnmaxDepth := max of level and maxDepthincrease m[level] by value of nodesolve(left of node, level + 1)solve(right of node, level + 1)In the main method, setup maxDepth := 0, then solve(root, 0)return m[maxDepth]Let us see the following implementation ...
Read MoreHow to find the less than probability using normal distribution in R?
The less than probability using normal distribution is the cumulative probability which can be found by using cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. In R, we have pnorm function that directly calculates the less than probability for a normally distributed random variable that takes Z score, mean and standard deviation.Examplespnorm(0.95,1,0) pnorm(0.95,0,1) pnorm(0.10,0,1) pnorm(0.10,1,5) pnorm(0.10,1,50) pnorm(0.10,25,50) pnorm(0.12,25,50) pnorm(0.12,2,0.004) pnorm(0.12,2,0.5) pnorm(1,2,0.5) pnorm(12,20,3) pnorm(12,12,3) pnorm(12,15,3) pnorm(200,15,3) pnorm(200,201,3) pnorm(200,201,5) pnorm(20,25,5)Output[1] 0 [1] 0.8289439 [1] 0.5398278 [1] 0.4285763 [1] 0.4928194 [1] 0.309242 [1] 0.309383 [1] 0 [1] 8.495668e-05 [1] 0.02275013 [1] 0.003830381 [1] 0.5 [1] 0.1586553 [1] 1 [1] 0.3694413 [1] 0.4207403 [1] 0.1586553
Read MoreWhat is the use of type = "h" in base R for plotting a graph?
The type = "h" is a graphing argument in base R which is generally used inside a plot function. It helps to generate the vertical lines in the R environment instead of points. For example, if we want to plot values from 1 to 10 then type = "h" will plot the vertical lines starting from X-axis and the upper end of the lines will represent the actual value.Example1> plot(1:10,type="h")Output:Example2> plot(rnorm(10),type="h")Output:
Read MoreHow to create different Y-axis for group levels using ggplot2 in R?
If we have a categorical variable or a group variable then we might want to create a line chart for each of the categories or levels, this will help us to understand the range of multiple levels in a single plot. For this purpose, we can use facet_grid function of ggplot2 package as shown in the below example.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> x y df dfOutput x y 1 C -1.55668689 2 A 2.41399136 3 D -0.78520253 4 A -0.43092594 5 C 1.94379390 6 A ...
Read MoreHow to draw a circle in R?
There is no direct function in R to draw a circle but we can make use of plotrix package for this purpose. The plotrix package has a function called draw.cirlce which is can be used to draw a circle but we first need to draw a plot in base R then pass the correct arguments in draw.circle. The first and second arguments of draw.circle takes x and y coordinates, and the third one is for radius, hence these should be properly chosen based on the chart in base R.Loading plotrix package:> library(plotrix)Creating different circles using draw.circle:Example> plot(1:10, type="n") > draw.circle(2, ...
Read MoreHow to create a new column in an R data frame based on some condition of another column?
Sometimes we want to change a column or create a new by using other columns of a data frame in R, this is mostly required when we want to create a categorical column but it can be done for numerical columns as well. For example, we might want to create a column based on salary for which if salaries are greater than the salary in another column then adding those salaries otherwise taking the difference between them. This will help us to understand whether the salaries in two columns are equivalent, lesser, or greater. In R, we can use transform ...
Read MoreHow to create line chart using ggplot2 in R with 3-sigma limits?
To create a line chart with 3-sigma limits using ggplot2, we first need to calculate the limits then the chart can be created. We can use geom_ribbon function of ggplot2 for this purpose where we can pass lower 3-sigma limit for ymin argument in aes and upper 3-sigma limit for ymin argument in aes, also we need to specify alpha so that the color of lines and the limits can be differentiated.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(14) > x y df dfOutput x y 1 1 0.6690751 2 2 1.8594771 3 3 ...
Read MoreHow to check if a value exists in an R data frame or not?
There are many small objectives that helps us to achieve a greater objective in data analysis. One such small objective is checking if a value exists in the data set or not. In R, we have many objects for data set such as data frame, matrix, data.table object etc. If we want to check if a value exists in an R data frame then any function can be used.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(3654) > x1 x2 x3 x4 df1 df1Output x1 x2 x3 x4 1 4 5 16 2 2 5 4 15 ...
Read MoreHow to create a contingency table using datasets in base R?
A contingency table is a cross-tabulation that looks like a matrix. These tables can have different as well as equal number of columns and rows. If we want to create a contingency table using datasets in base R then table function can be used. For example, if we want to create a contingency table for cyl and gear column of mtcars data then it can be done as shown in the below example 1.Example1> head(mtcars)Outputmpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4 Mazda RX4 ...
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