When you create some python programs that need password protection before it can run, we take the help of the getpass() and getuser() modules. They have a variety of functionalities that can be used to manage password protection as well as password retrieval etc. In this article, we will see how to type in the password with and without echoing it back on the screen. Below are the different ways it is handled.With PromptThe below code is saved to a file (logon.py). The getpass() function prints a prompt then reads input from the user until they press returnExample Live Demoimport getpass ... Read More

File Searching in Python can be done using various methods, like using the os module with os.walk() function as it takes a specific path as input and generates a 3-tuple involving dirpath, dirnames, and filenames. Another method is using the pathlib module which provides an object-oriented interface while working on file systems paths. In Python there are some widely used methods to search for specific files, some of them are as follows - Os Module: This module allows us to interact with the operating system. ... Read More

Dictionaries in python are a type of data structure that map keys to values as a key-value pair. They are one of the frequently used data structures and have many interesting properties. They are presented by enclosing them in a pair of curly brace like below.dict = {'day1':'Mon' ,'day2':'Tue', 'day3':'Wed'}The elements or key-value pairs in the dictionary are represented within single quotes and separated by a colon.Creating a DictionaryWe create a dictionary by assigning values written in the form of a ke.ExampleDict1 = {'day1':'Mon' ,'day2':'Tue', 'day3':'Wed'} print(type(dict1)) print(dict1) # Using the dict() method dict2 =dict({('day1', 'Mon'), ('day2', 'Tue'), ('day3', ... Read More

When using the iterators, we need to keep track of the number of items in the iterator. This is achieved by an in-built method called enumerate(). The enumerate() method adds counter to the iterable. The returned object is a enumerate object. Its syntax and parameters are described below.enumerate(iterable, start=0) iterable - a sequence, an iterator, or objects that supports iteration start – is the position in the iterator from where the counting starts. Default is 0.ExampleIn the below example we take a dictionary and apply enumerate to it. In the result the default start is from 0 and we get ... Read More

Chunks of data move between the clients and servers using the User Datagram Protocol or UDP protocol. The two communicating endpoints need the IP address and port number to establish communication. One endpoint is known as the sender and the other is known as the receiver. In this protocol, the sender does not keep track of the sent packets and it is up to the receiver to accept or not all the packets.Sender ProgramThe below python program uses the socket module to create the sender’s program. We declare variables for IP address and Port. Then add a message to it. ... Read More

Heap queue is a special tree structure in which each parent node is less than or equal to its child node. In python it is implemented using the heapq module. It is very useful is implementing priority queues where the queue item with higher weight is given more priority in processing.Create a HeapA heap queue is created by using python’s inbuilt library named heapq. This library has the relevant functions to carry out various operations on a heap data structure. Below is a list of these functions.heapify – This function converts a regular list to a heap. In the resulting heap ... Read More

We can create new sequences using a given python sequence. This is called comprehension. It basically a way of writing a concise code block to generate a sequence which can be a list, dictionary, set or a generator by using another sequence. It may involve multiple steps of conversion between different types of sequences.List ComprehensionIn this method, we create a new list by manipulating the values of an existing list. In the below example we take a list and create a new list by adding 3 to each element of the given list.Examplegiven_list = [x for x in range(5)] print(given_list) ... Read More

This module allows bidirectional conversions of color values between colors expressed in the RGB (Red Green Blue) and other color spaces. The three other color spaces it uses are YIQ (Luminance (Y) In-phase Quadrature), HLS (Hue Lightness Saturation) and HSV (Hue Saturation Value). All the coordinates can be between 0 and 1 except the I and Q values in the YIQ color space.The below tables shows the functions and their purpose.FunctionPurposePermitted Valuesrgb_to_yiqfrom RGB coordinates to YIQ coordinates0 to 1rgb_to_hlsfrom RGB coordinates to HLS coordinates0 to 1rgb_to_hsvfrom RGB coordinates to HSV coordinates0 to 1yiq_to_rgbfrom YIQ coordinates to RGB coordinates-1 to 1hls_to_rgbfrom ... Read More

A class method receives the class itself as its first argument. This way we are able to call the method inside a class without first creating an instance from the class. We just use the decorator @classmethod before the declaration of the method contained in the class and then we can directly access the method. Below are the main features of classmethids.A classmethod is bound to a class and does not depend on the instantiation of a class to be used.A classmethod can modify a class which in turn propagates to all instances of the class.Using the classmethodIn the below ... Read More

In Python Programming Language, Class and Instance are two of object orientation's most crucial ideas. Instances are unique objects made in accordance with the class, whereas classes are templates. The procedure is the same for all objects, although the data may vary. In this tutorial, we will learn about classes in python, how to instantiate them, what attributes are, and the differences between class and instance attribute in Python. Let’s begin with definitions – What is a Class? Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together in python. Creating a new class creates a new type of ... Read More