Introduction The re-module is what we use in Python for regular expressions. Text searches and more complex text manipulation employ regular expressions. Tools like grep and sed, text editors like vi and emacs, and computer languages like Tcl, Perl, and Python all have built-in regular expression support. The re-module in Python offers functions for matching regular expressions. A regular expression that defines the text we are looking for or modifying is called a pattern. Text literals and metacharacters make up this string. The compile function is used to create the pattern. Raw strings are advised since regular expressions ... Read More

To understand why dictionary keys must be immutable. Let us related it to hash table. The hash table implementation of dictionaries uses a hash value calculated from the key value to find the key. If let’s say the key was a mutable object, its value could change, and thus its hash could also change. As stated above, since whoever changes the key object can’t tell that it was being used as a dictionary key, it can’t move the entry around in the dictionary. Then, When you try to look up the same object in the dictionary it won’t be ... Read More

CPython is the default and most widely used interpreter or implementation of Python. It is the original Python version and understands the code written using python specifications. Python is quite serious about cleaning up memory on exit and does try to destroy every single object, but unfortunately objects referenced from the global namespaces of Python modules are not always deallocated when Python exits. The reason are circular references. There are also certain bits of memory that are allocated by the C library that are impossible to free. Use the atexit module to force Python to delete certain things on deallocation. ... Read More

Yes, Python Lambda Expressions cannot contain statements. Before deep diving the reason, let us understand what is a Lambda, its expressions, and statements. The Lambda expressions allow defining anonymous functions. A lambda function is an anonymous function i.e. a function without a name. Let us see the syntax − lambda arguments: expressions The keyword lambda defines a lambda function. A lambda expression contains one or more arguments, but it can have only one expression. Lambda Example Let us see an example − myStr = "Thisisit!" (lambda myStr : print(myStr))(myStr) Output Thisisit! Sort a List by values from ... Read More

All parameters (arguments) in the Python language are passed by reference. It means if you change what a parameter refers to within a function, the change also reflects back in the calling function. Achieve this in the following ways − Return a Tuple of the Results Example In this example, we will return a tuple of the outcome − # Function Definition def demo(val1, val2): val1 = 'new value' val2 = val2 + 1 return val1, val2 x, y = 'old value', 5 # Function call print(demo(x, y)) ... Read More

Threads are sometimes called light-weight processes and they do not require much memory overhead; they are cheaper than processes. A thread has a beginning, an execution sequence, and a conclusion. There are two modules which support the usage of threads in Python3 − _thread − Deprecated in Python 3 Threading − Introduced in Python 2.4 The threading Module The newer threading module included with Python 2.4 provides much more powerful, high-level support for threads than the thread module. The threading module exposes all the methods of the thread module and provides some additional methods − threading.activeCount() ... Read More

Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression and decides how an expression is evaluated. The comma is not an operator in Python; therefore, the precedence concept doesn’t work here. Before moving further, let us first see the precedence of operators in Python from highest precedence to lowest. S.No. Operator & Desc 1 ** Exponentiation (raise to the power) 2 ~ + - Complement, unary plus and minus (method names for the last two are +@ and -@) 3 * / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division ... Read More

The __del__ is magic method in Python. The magic methods that allow us to do some pretty neat tricks in object-oriented programming. They are also called Dunder methods. These methods are identified by two underscores (__) used as prefix and suffix. In Python, we create an oject using the __new__() and initialize using __init__(). However, to destruct an object, we have __del__(). Example Let us create and delete an object − class Demo: def __init__(self): print("We are creating an object."); # destructor def __del__(self): ... Read More

For this, at first understand what is __new__() method in Python. When subclassing an immutable type, override the __new__() method instead of the __init__() method. The __new__ method gets called when an object is created whereas the __init__ method will be called to initialize the object. These are magic methods. The magic methods that allow us to do some pretty neat tricks in object-oriented programming. They are also called Dunder methods. These methods are identified by two underscores (__) used as prefix and suffix. Display the magic methods inherited by int class Example Using the fir(), we can print the ... Read More

The two tools for caching methods are functools.cached_property() and functools.lru_cache(). Both the module is part of the functools module. The functools module is for higher-order functions: functions that act on or return other functions. Let us first install and import the functools module − Install functools To install the functools module, use the pip − pip install functools Import functools To import functools − import functools Let us understand both the caching one by one − cached_property() useful for expensive computed properties of instances that are otherwise effectively immutable. The cached_property approach only works with methods that do ... Read More