Programming Articles - Page 368 of 3363

After JDK version 5, Java introduced the enumeration. It is a group of constants defined using the keyword enum. The final variables in Java are somewhat similar to enumeration. In this article, we will write Java programs in which we define an enum class and try to access all the constants defined in the enum using valueOf() and values() methods. The Java Enum Class We use enum class when we need to define a fixed set of constants. For example, if we want to use the days of the week, planet names, names of all five vowels, etc. Note that all the ... Read More

Array is a linear data structure that is used to store a group of elements with similar data types. It stores data in a sequential manner. Once we create an array, we can't change its size, i.e., it is of fixed length. This article will help you to understand the basic concept of arrays and array bounds in Java. Also, we will discuss Java programs to check array bounds while inputting elements into the array. Array and Array Bound We can access elements of an array by its index. Suppose we have an array of length N, then ... Read More

In Java, the static methods are defined using static keywords but to declare instance variables we don't use static keywords. Generally, we can't access the instance variable by a static method. In this article, we will create an instance variable and then we will check the accessibility of that instance variable by a static method. Let's understand static method and instance variable first. Java Instance Variable In the context of programming language, variables are the name of containers that contain data of any type. We can say it is a storage unit. A variable can be initialized at the time ... Read More

The type of nested class that has no name is called an anonymous class. Before diving into a Java program to check if a given class is an anonymous class, we need to understand what is a nested class. Let's discuss this in detail. What is a Java Nested Class? A class created within another class in Java is called a nested class. We know that we cannot declare a Java class private, but we can define a nested class as private. There are two types of nested classes in Java: static and non-static. The static nested class is defined ... Read More

The nested class that is defined inside the body of a method or within a loop, like for and if, is called a local inner class. Before making a Java program to check whether a given class is a local inner class or not, we need to understand the concept of nested classes first. Let's discuss this in detail. Nested Class When we create a class within another class, it is referred to as a nested class. The nested classes share the same scope. It allows the grouping of similar classes and encapsulation (wrapping of similar functionalities in a single unit). ... Read More

Introduction The Grubbs test is a statistical hypothesis testing method to detect outliers in a dataset. Outliers are the observations that disburse the data distribution and are also known as anomalies. The dataset with outliers tends to overfit more than data with a Normal/Gaussian distribution. Hence, it is necessary to tackle the outliers before Machine Learning modeling. Before handling, we must detect and locate the outliers in the dataset. The most popular outliers detection techniques are QQPlot, Inter-Quartile range, and Grubbs statistical test. However, this article will discuss only the Grubbs test to detect the outliers. You will learn: what ... Read More

Statisticians use F-test to check whether the two datasets have the same variance or not. F-test is named after Sir Ronald Fisher. To use the F-Test, we make two hypotheses, a null hypothesis, and one alternate hypothesis. Then we select any of these two hypotheses approved by the F-Test. Variance is a data distribution metric to tell the data deviation from the mean. The higher values show more dispersion than the smaller values. In this article, you will learn how to perform an F-Test in Python programming Language with its use cases. F -Test Process The process to perform the ... Read More

Introduction Data Scientists often use statistical methods for hypothesis testing to gain insights from the datasets. While there are multiple statistical methods available, this article will discuss the Chi-Square Goodness of fit test with its implementation in Python. The Chi-Square test validates the observed distribution of categorical variables to the expected distribution. It tells us if the available event values differ from the expected values. Chi-Square Test You can perform the Chi-Square test to verify the dataset distribution for observed events. The Chi-Square test makes some assumptions which are as follows − Variables are independent. Only one categorical feature ... Read More

The Brown-Forsythe test is a statistical test used to determine whether the variances of two or more groups are equal. While Levene's test uses the absolute deviations from the mean, the Brown-Forsythe test uses the deviations from the median. The null hypothesis used in the test is as follows − H0: The variance of the groups (populations) is equal The alternative hypothesis is that the variances are not equal − H1: The variance of the groups (populations) is not equal To perform the test, we calculate each group's median and the absolute deviations from the median. Then we calculate the ... Read More

In today's digital world, file uploads are a common occurrence, be it uploading pictures to social media platforms or sharing documents through email. However, PHP's default file upload size limit can cause inconvenience to users, restricting them from uploading files of larger sizes. In this article, we will explore ways to increase the file upload size in PHP. Understanding PHP File Upload Size Limit PHP is a server-side scripting language that is widely used for developing dynamic web pages. When a user uploads a file to a PHP-based website, the file size limit is imposed by the PHP configuration settings ... Read More