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Programming Articles
Page 1092 of 2547
How to a split a continuous variable into multiple groups in R?
Splitting a continuous variable is required when we want to compare different levels of a categorical variable based on some characteristics of the continuous variable. For example, creating the salary groups from salary and then comparing those groups using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test. To split a continuous variable into multiple groups we can use cut2 function of Hmisc package −Exampledf$Salary_Group
Read MoreMatching Nonprintable Characters using Java regex
There are 7 common non printable characters used in general and each character has its own hexadecimal representation.NamecharactersHexa-decimal representationbell\a0x07Escape\e0x1BForm feed\f0x0CLine feed0x0ACarriage return\r0X0DHorizontal tab\t0X09Vertical tab\v0X0BExample 1import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.regex.Matcher; import java.util.regex.Pattern; public class RegexExample1 { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter input text: "); String input = sc.nextLine(); String regex = "\x09"; //Creating a pattern object Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex); //Matching the compiled pattern in the String Matcher matcher = ...
Read MoreHow to deal with the error "Error in int_abline---plot.new has not been called yet" in R?
The above error means plot is not being created yet hence abline function cannot be used to draw anything on the plot. Therefore, a plot needs to be created first to use abline function for creating a line or any other thing. Mostly, abline is used to create regression line on the plot, thus we need to create a scatterplot first before using abline.Exampleabline(lm(y~x))Output
Read MoreHow to create correlation matrix plot in R?
To create a correlation matrix plot, we can use ggpairs function of GGally package. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains five columns then the correlation matrix plot can be created as ggpairs(df). A correlation matrix plot using ggpairs display correlation value as well as scatterplot and the distribution of variable on diagonal.Examplelibrary(GGally) ggpairs(df)Output
Read MoreHow to find the mean of columns of an R data frame or a matrix?
If all the columns in an R data frame are numeric then it makes sense to find the mean for each of the columns. This calculation will help us to view how different the values of means are for each of the columns but to make sure that they are significantly different, we will need to run a hypothesis test. To find the column means of a data frame or a matrix we can use colMeans function.ExampleConsider the below data frame −set.seed(9) x1
Read MoreHow to create a boxplot using ggplot2 for single variable without X-axis labels in R?
The important part of a boxplot is Y−axis because it helps to understand the variability in the data and hence, we can remove X−axis labels if we know the data description. To create a boxplot using ggplot2 for single variable without X−axis labels, we can use theme function and set the X−axis labels to blank as shown in the below example.Exampleggplot(df,aes(x=factor(0),y))+geom_boxplot()+theme(axis.title.x=element_blank(),axis.text.x=element_blank(),axis.ticks.x=element_blank())Output
Read MoreHow to perform shapiro test for all columns in an R data frame?
The shapiro test is used to test for the normality of variables and the null hypothesis for this test is the variable is normally distributed. If we have numerical columns in an R data frame then we might to check the normality of all the variables. This can be done with the help of apply function and shapiro.test as shown in the below example.Exampleapply(df, 2, shapiro.test)Output$x1 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = 0.94053, p-value = 0.2453 $x2 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = 0.95223, p-value = 0.4022 $x3 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = ...
Read MoreHow to change the color of points in a scatterplot using ggplot2 in R?
To color the points in a scatterplot using ggplot2, we can use colour argument inside geom_point with aes. The color can be passed in multiple ways, one such way is to name the particular color and the other way is to giving a range or using a variable. If range or a variable will be used then the color of the points will be in different shades.Exampleggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_point(aes(colour=x))Output
Read MoreHow to increase the width of the median line in boxplot using ggplot2 in R?
The default width of the median line is wider than the rest of the lines that represent minimum, first quartile, third quartile or maximum but we can make it a little wider to make it more appealing. This can be done with the help of fatten argument inside geom_boxplot function, the default value of fatten is 2.Exampleggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_boxplot(fatten=6)Output
Read MoreDifference Between Daemon Threads and User Threads In Java
As we know java is a language that supports multi threading and on the basis of nature threads in java are classified into two types Daemon thread and User thread.The following are the important differences between Daemon Threads and User Threads.Sr. No.KeyDaemon ThreadsUser Threads1NatureDaemon thread is low in priority i.e JVM does not care much about these types of threads.User threads are recognized as high priority thread i.e. JVM will wait for any active user thread to get completed.2CPU availabilityIt is not guaranteed that Daemon thread always gets CPU usage whenever it requires due to its low priority.User thread always ...
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