One may be amazed how the CPU is programmed. A special register is contained in CPU-the instruction register-whose bit pattern determines what the CPU will do. Once that action has been completed, the bit pattern in the instruction register can be changed, and the CPU will perform the operation specified by this next bit pattern.Most of the modern CPUs use an instruction queue. Some instructions are waiting in the queue, ready to be executed. Different electronic circuitry keeps the instruction queue full while the control unit is executing the instructions. But this is simply an implementation details that allows the ... Read More

An operating system (OS) is basically a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Operating system is a crucial component of the system software in a computer system. Network Operating System is one of the important type of operating system.Network Operating System runs on a server and gives the server the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. The basic purpose of the network operating system is to allow shared file and printer access among multiple computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private ... Read More

An operating system (OS) is basically a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Operating system is a crucial component of the system software in a computer system. Distributed Operating System is one of the important type of operating system.Multiple central processors are used by Distributed systems to serve multiple real-time applications and multiple users. Accordingly, Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors.Processors communicate with each other through various communication lines (like high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are known as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. Processors in this system may ... Read More

An operating system (OS) is basically a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Operating system is a crucial component of the system software in a computer system.Time-Sharing Operating Systems is one of the important type of operating system.Time-sharing enables many people, located at various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time. Multitasking or Time-Sharing Systems is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Processor’s time is shared among multiple users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.The main difference between Time-Sharing Systems and Multiprogrammed Batch Systems is that in case of ... Read More

An operating system (OS) is basically a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. Operating system is a crucial component of the system software in a computer system. Batch Operating system is one of the important type of operating system.The users who using a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly. Each user prepares its job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the computer operator. To speed up the processing, jobs with similar needs are batched together and run as a group. The programmers exit ... Read More

Dekker’s algorithmDekker’s algorithm is the first solution of critical section problem. There are many versions of this algorithms, the 5th or final version satisfies the all the conditions below and is the most efficient among all of them.The solution to critical section problem must ensure the following three conditions:Mutual ExclusionProgressBounded WaitingFirst versionDekker’s algorithm succeeds to achieve mutual exclusion.It uses variables to control thread execution.It constantly checks whether critical section available.Examplemain(){    int thread_no = 1;    startThreads(); } Thread1(){    do {       // entry section       // wait until threadno is 1       ... Read More

Functional programming languages are specially designed to handle symbolic computation and list processing applications. Functional programming is based on mathematical functions. Some of the popular functional programming languages include: Lisp, Python, Erlang, Haskell, Clojure, etc.Functional programming languages are categorized into two groups, i.e. −Pure Functional Languages − These types of functional languages support only the functional paradigms. For example − Haskell.Impure Functional Languages − These types of functional languages support the functional paradigms and imperative style programming. For example − LISP.Functional Programming – CharacteristicsThe characteristics of functional programming are as follows −Functional programming languages are designed on the concept of ... Read More

If several processes are suspended on condition x, and an x.signal() operation is executed by some process, then we can determine that which of the suspended processes should be resumed next by one simple solution is to use a first-come, first-served (FCFS) ordering, so that the process that has been waiting the longest is resumed first. In many circumstances, however, such a simple scheduling scheme is not adequate. For this reason, the conditional-wait construct can be used. This construct has the formx.wait(c);Here c is an integer expression that is evaluated when the wait() operation is executed. The value of c, ... Read More

Peterson’s solution provides a good algorithmic description of solving the critical-section problem and illustrates some of the complexities involved in designing software that addresses the requirements of mutual exclusion, progress, and bounded waiting.do {    flag[i] = true;    turn = j;    while (flag[j] && turn == j);    /* critical section */    flag[i] = false;    /* remainder section */ } while (true);The structure of process Pi in Peterson’s solution. This solution is restricted to two processes that alternate execution between their critical sections and remainder sections. The processes are numbered P0 and P1. We use Pj ... Read More

In Synchronization hardware, we explore several more solutions to the critical-section problem using techniques ranging from hardware to software based APIs available to application programmers. These solutions are based on the premise of locking; however, the design of such locks can be quite sophisticated.These Hardware features can make any programming task easier and improve system efficiency. Here, we present some simple hardware instructions that are available on many systems and show how they can be used effectively in solving the critical-section problem. If we could prevent interrupts from occurring while a shared variable was being modified. The critical-section problem could ... Read More