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Open Source Articles
Page 103 of 123
Implementing K-means clustering with SciPy by splitting random data in 2 clusters?
K-means clustering algorithm, also called flat clustering, is a method of computing the clusters and cluster centers (centroids) in a set of unlabeled data. It iterates until we find the optimal centroid. The clusters, we might think of a group of data points whose inter-point distances are small as compared to the distances to the point outside of that cluster. The number of clusters identified from unlabeled data is represented by ‘K’ in K-means algorithm.Given an initial set of K centers, the K-means clustering algorithm can be done using SciPy library by executing by the following steps −Step1− Data point ...
Read MoreHow to Reverse a String using Unix Shell Programming?
Bash is a shell or command line interpreter. It is a layer programming language that understands and executes the command that a user enters or can read commands from a script. Essentially Bash or Shell allows users of Unix-like systems and Windows via a Windows subsystem for Linux to control the innermost components of the Operating system using text-based commands.In this article, we will discuss a problem to be solved by Shell scripting. We are given a String, and we need to print the reverse of that string using Shell Programming. For example, Input : str = “ Hello ” ...
Read MoreResetting a Root Password in Linux without External Media
Discuss how to recover the root password of Linux without using any external media. The version of Linux we are working with is CentOS version 8.2. Still, the procedures we will see can work with any Linux distro and many others. You may find that it doesn’t work with some Debian-based distro.To do this exercise, you should have the following requisites Prerequisites −Willingness to work in the Linux command line environment.Physical access to the Linux server(it cannot do this across a network).Procedures to follow to change the root passwordRestart the computer and interrupt the boot process at the grub screen ...
Read MoreWhich function of scipy.cluster.vq module is used to assign codes from a code book to observations?
Before implementing k-means algorithms, the scipy.cluster.vq.vq(obs, code_book, check_finite = True) used to assign codes to each observation from a code book. It first compares each observation vector in the ‘M’ by ‘N’ obs array with the centroids in the code book. Once compared, it assigns the code to the closest centroid. It requires unit variance features in the obs array, which we can achieve by passing them through the scipy.cluster.vq.whiten(obs, check_finite = True)function.ParametersBelow are given the parameters of the function scipy.cluster.vq.vq(obs, code_book, check_finite = True) −obs− ndarrayIt is an ‘M’ by ‘N’ array where each row is an observation, and ...
Read MoreWhich function of scipy.cluster.vq module is used to normalize observations on each feature dimension?
Before implementing k-means algorithms, it is always beneficial to rescale each feature dimension of the observation set. The function scipy.cluster.vq.whiten(obs, check_finite = True)is used for this purpose. To give it unit variance, it divides each feature dimension of the observation by its standard deviation (SD).ParametersBelow are given the parameters of the function scipy.cluster.vq.whiten(obs, check_finite = True) −obs− ndarrayIt is an array, to be rescaled, where each row is an observation, and the columns are the features seen during each observation. The example is given below −obs = [[ 1., 1., 1.], [ 2., 2., 2.], ...
Read MoreHow can we call the documentation for NumPy and SciPy?
If you are unsure of how to use a particular function or variable in NumPy and SciPy, you can call for the documentation with the help of ‘?’. In Jupyter notebook and IPython shell we can call up the documentation as follows −ExampleIf you want to know NumPy sin () function, you can use the below code −import numpy as np np.sin?OutputWe will get the details about sin() function something like as follows −We can also view the source with the help of double question mark (??) as follows −import numpy as np np.sin??Similarly, if you want to see the ...
Read MoreTo work with SciPy, do I need to import the NumPy functions explicitly?
When SciPy is imported, you do not need to explicitly import the NumPy functions because by default all the NumPy functions are available through SciPy namespace. But as SciPy is built upon the NumPy arrays, we must need to know the basics of NumPy.As most parts of linear algebra deals with vectors and matrices only, let us understand the basic functionalities of NumPy vectors and matrices.Creating NumPy vectors by converting Python array-like objectsLet us understand this with the help of following example−Exampleimport numpy as np list_objects = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90] array_new = np.array(list_objects) print ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between the 'COPY' and 'ADD' commands in a Dockerfile?
When you create a Dockerfile, you can use two different commands to build your context. Building a context means including the files and directories that you want from your local machine, to be in your container when it’s created. These files may be directories in your local machine, a URL from which you want to download files, or a compressed tarball file that you want to include as it is or after extracting the tarball file.We can use two different instructions to add the files from the build context in the local machine to the Docker container. These are the ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between CMD and ENTRYPOINT in a Dockerfile?
We can build Docker images by specifying instructions inside a Dockerfile. Dockerfile allows us to specify step-by-step instructions which define the rules for making a container environment. The Docker containers are created for specific tasks and processes to be run inside them. There are three important instructions that are used inside a Dockerfile which lets us define which processes need to be run inside the containers and in what sequence and order.These 3 instructions are -RUNCMDENTRYPOINTThe RUN instruction is quite simple. We can define simple subcommands along with the RUN instruction that we want to execute inside the container. For ...
Read MoreVagrant vs Docker for creating an isolated environment
Vagrant is a software that allows you to create a virtual machine that replicates the user's experience exactly as they want to set it up. Specifically, Vagrant allows you to test your application in a specific environment by mirroring the OS and all appropriate configurations.Whereas Docker is a framework that lets you containerize your app and build so-called microenvironments for deploying it without having to run a whole VM. Each container is a separate isolated environment that contains a unique application environment.As a result, programmers, testers, and DevOps engineers are able to spend less time debugging and identifying important bugs ...
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