Introduction Angle of incidence and its measurement is a key concept of Optics. Light rays when incident on the surface like walls and mirrors, will reflect and get dispersed in the environment. The science of optics studies the traversing of light and its changing characteristics when passing from one medium to another medium. The terms like an incident ray, reflected ray, refracted rays, incident angle refracted angle and reflection, refraction index, and like terms clearly articulate the light characteristics which benefit us in many ways. This article is an attempt to describe the reflection and refraction phenomenon of light and ... Read More

With the advancement in technology coupled with diverse environmental issues, the process of buying a simple light bulb has become more complicated. This comes with the concern regarding energy efficiency and conservation. As with the norm, choosing a certain light bulb can reduce the power consumption while also affecting the environment positively. On the other hand, choosing the wrong light bulb could increase power consumption and cause harm to the environment. It is for these reasons that the information regarding different types of bulbs, such as led light bulbs and the regular bulbs should be availed to the consumers. Led ... Read More

Introduction Brail system is developed for visually impaired people. Generally writing systems are the visual representation that is used to share our feelings and communicate with each other. Many types of communication were followed from the early times. Braille is one such system of communication. In such systems, the conveyer and the reader should be able to understand. Braille is useful for understanding the visually impaired. Braille was embraced by France as the formal communication system for the visually impaired in 1854. Who is called Visually Impaired? Visual impairment or vision impairment is the reduction of eyesight to some ... Read More

Introduction Brewster’s law is studied in optics. the science of light. If light waves could pass through all materials perfectly, you wouldn’t be able to see anything. All materials would turn invisible. On the other hand, if materials reflected all light perfectly, they would always appear white instead of coloured. Colours are visible only because materials absorb particular wavelengths and reflect others. In practicality, all materials reflect, transmit, or absorb lights selectively. At the same time, light waves with a particular characteristic can be transmitted completely through a particular surface. This involves the incidence of light of a particular polarisation ... Read More

Introduction Everything around us is visible to our eyes because of light only. Our bodies are completely useless in the absence of light called darkness. Sunlight also acts as a renewable source of energy to generate electricity using solar cells. But, the main question, which was a matter of discussion among various physicists was – “What this light is made up of or what does it constitute?”. Many theories were given by scientists to explain the nature of light but failed. However, at last, the Quantum theory of light was proposed which superseded the drawbacks of previous theories. Let’s ... Read More

Introduction Bragg’s law is an important concept of atomic and molecular physics. You are already aware that atoms are the building blocks of this universe. They are the foundation of every bit of matter in this universe. But that is not all that we know about the microscopic world. Indeed, we have even managed to divide the atom into electrons, protons, and neutrons. If that is not enough to satisfy your curiosity, you should know that we even know about what “makes up” the electrons and nucleons. But I digress. For now, let us discuss how atoms are arranged. Inside ... Read More

Blue light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see. Blue light has a wavelength between 500 and 380 nanometers, making it the most potent and shortest-lasting frequency. About a third of the visible light spectrum is made up of blue light. Most of the time, the blue light comes from the sun. Fluorescent light bulbs, LED TVs and computer screens, mobile phones, and tablets all give off blue light, but humans make it all. Although it is often associated with electronic equipment, the sun is the most significant supply of blue-colored light. The lighting options include ... Read More

Introduction In our day-to-day life we observe various phenomena like after the rain a rainbow is formed in the sky, splitting of white light into seven colors, and when water falls on petrol it also shows different colors. These all phenomena are related to the optical phenomenon of light. In this tutorial, we will discuss the two important phenomena i.e. diffraction and interference. In classical physics, the term diffraction is firstly explained by using the Huygen-Fresnal principle. After this various Scientists make different attempts to explain these terms in their way. It finds applications in the study of biological ... Read More

Introduction From the year, 1666 to 1672, Newton conducted several experiments with the prism and sunlight to recognise the true colour of sunlight. However, he was quite successful in determining the colour of the sun to be white which is seen as a combination of the seven respective colours we experience in a rainbow. With the help of a prism, the experiment has been conducted and through the prism the sunlight is passed which is then dispersed into seven colours. What is Sunlight? Sunlight is the ray of light that is produced by the sun following the reaction of nuclear ... Read More

Introduction The human eye has been made of different intricate parts that work together to make a person, able for seeing or having vision. The visual activity of an eye is generally defined by the clarity of the image that has been seen by the human eye. Focussing on such concepts, this present tutorial will define the structure and the functioning of an eye including the activity of the lens of a human eye. Structure of Eye Sclera − The outer white layer of the eye that can be easily visible as it is situated at the outer ... Read More