Anomalies means problems or inconsistency which happened during the operations performed on the table. There can be many reasons that anomaly occur for example, It occurs when data is stored multiple times unnecessarily in the database i.e. redundant data is present or it occur when all the data is stored in a single table. normalization is used to overcome the anomalies. the different type of anomalies are insertion, deletion and updation anomaly. Input The same input is used for all three anomalies. Student ID Name Age Branch Branch_Code Hod_name 1 A 17 Civil 101 Aman ... Read More

It is used to return the name of the current user in sql database server. it does not accept any parameter. Syntax CURRENT_USER Current_user is the function used to get the name of current user Example 1 In this example, we are going to use the current_user function to get the current user name. Input Employee Emp_id Name Dept_name Salary 1 Monu IT 50000 2 Sonu HR 60000 3 Golu Security 70000 This database is currently used by amrendra. Code SELECT CURRENT_USER;#selected current user name Output Amrendra ... Read More

A materialised is defined as a database object that contains the results of a particular query. It could be called as a subset of a table. Any changes in the base table would be reflected in the materialised view. Syntax CREATE MATERIALISED VIEW view_name AS SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (provide_primary_key) Here, view_name is the name of the materialised view, table_name is the base table, column_name are the columns provide_primary_key are the primary keys for the base table. Example 1 In this example, we are gonna have a ... Read More

Create a schema Schema is basically the logical representation of the database. there is a default schema named dbo. Objects gets created inside a schema when ‘create schema’ statement is used. To provide access to other user after the schema is created, we need to impersoinate permissions. Syntax:The syntax to create a schema is − Create schema schema_name Here, we have created a schema named schema_name. Example 1: Granting permissions In this example, we are going to create a schema and grant permissions to have access to that. Algorithm Step 1 − Create a schema. Step 2 − ... Read More

A login is a security check process to authenticate the user and make their data secure. In case of SQL, we need to login to connect to the server. Creating login for the server gives a security advantage. Also, security implications are to be understood and kept in mind while creating a login. A user will be granted the access of the database after user login is provided. Here, we are going to use various methods. Method 1: login with Password We are going to use simply the userid and password to login to the server. Syntax Create login ... Read More

Clients can store, direct, and recover information from data sets utilizing programming known as a data set administration framework (DBMS). DBMS languages and interfaces, an essential component of a DBMS, enable user interaction with the database system. Data Definition Language is known as DDL in SQL. It is a portion of SQL (Structured Query Language) that is used to specify and control a database's structure. Database objects like tables, indexes, views, and constraints are created, modified, and deleted using DDL commands. DDL Commands There are several DDL commands, such as − CREATE − The create command is used to ... Read More

Clients can store, direct, and recover information from data sets utilizing programming known as a data set administration framework (DBMS). DBMS languages and interfaces, an essential component of a DBMS, enable user interaction with the database system. Data Control Language is referred to as DCL in SQL. It is a part of the SQL (Structured Query Language) subset that deals with rights and authorization for database objects. To give or revoke rights, manage user access, and regulate the security features of a database system, DCL statements are utilized. DCL Commands There are several DCL commands, such as − ... Read More

Database management systems (DBMS) are crucial tools for effectively managing and arranging enormous volumes of data. A DBMS's general structure and the way data is arranged and managed inside the system are referred to as its architecture. The 1-level, 2-level, and 3-level architectures are only a few of the several architectural concepts that have developed over time. We will examine the features, benefits, and use cases of each of these architectures in detail in this post. 1-Level Architecture The 1-level architecture, commonly referred to as monolithic or centralized architecture, is the most straightforward type of DBMS design. Data storage, query ... Read More

It is critical to create standards and norms in the field of distributed database systems, where data is stored and handled over several interconnected nodes, in order to guarantee dependability, consistency, and efficiency. The "Date's Twelve Rules for Distributed Database Systems" is a series of guidelines developed in 1985 by prominent computer scientist C.J. Date to help with the design and implementation of distributed databases. These guidelines offer a framework for assessing distributed database systems' efficacy. We will examine each of Date's Twelve Rules in detail and consider their relevance to distributed data management in this post. Distribution Independence ... Read More

It is essential to name databases, tables, and columns appropriately when developing a database for readability, maintainability, and efficient communication between developers and users. Consistent naming standards facilitate cooperation and increase comprehension of the database structure. In order to maintain clarity and consistency, we will go over the recommended practices for naming databases, tables, and columns in this post. Database naming conventions − The most advanced container for arranging related data is a database. Think about the following recommended practices when naming databases − Use names that are meaningful and descriptive − Pick a name that accurately describes ... Read More