Exceptions are problems that arise at the time of execution of a program. They are events that are thrown at runtime. They protect the code and allow the program to run even after an exception is thrown. Exception handling is used to handle the exceptions. Catching All Exceptions To handle all exceptions in C++, use try and catch blocks. Write the code that may generate exceptions inside a try block (try { ... }), and handle or print the exception inside a corresponding catch block (catch(...) { ... }). Syntax Following is the syntax of catch block in C++: ... Read More

Exception handling is used to handle the exceptions. We can use try catch block to protect the code. Exception can be thrown anywhere within the code block. The keyword “throw” is used to throw an exception.Here is an example of throw in C++ language,Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int display(int x, int y) {    if( y == 0 ) {       throw "Division by zero condition!";    }    return (x/y); } int main () {    int a = 50;    int b = 0;    int c = 0;    try {       c = display(a, b);       cout

Both the left shift and right shift are known as bitwise shift operators. These operators are useful for working with binary integers by shifting the bits to the left or right. Below is the mathematical representation of the left and right shift operators: // left shift operator x > n means (x/2n) What is Left Shift Operator? In the left shift operator, the left operand value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. Syntax The basic syntax of left shift operator as follows:

Union is a user-defined datatype. All the members of union share same memory location. Size of union is decided by the size of largest member of union. If you want to use same memory location for two or more members, union is the best for that.Unions are similar to structures. Union variables are created in same manner as structure variables. The keyword “union” is used to define unions in C language.Here is the syntax of unions in C language, union union_name {    member definition; } union_variables;Here, union_name  − Any name given to the union.member definition  − Set of member ... Read More

C++11 is a version of standard C++ language. It was approved by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 12 August 2011 then C++14 and C++17. C++11 makes several additions to the core language. Visual C++ implements the vast majority of features in C++11. Some of the following C++11 features in Visual Studio 2015 − nullptr − In the previous nullptr, zero used to be the value and it had a drawback ofimplicit conversion to integral value. The null pointer literal is represented by std::nullptr_t. In this nullptr, no implicit conversion exists. Lambdas − The lambda expression allows to ... Read More

Both malloc() and free() are used to manage memory at runtime. The malloc() is very useful because it allocates memory based on the program needs, while free() releases the memory. But the free() can lead to memory leakage, which is one of its disadvantages. What is malloc()? The function malloc() is used to allocate the requested size of bytes and it returns a pointer to the first byte of allocated memory. It returns null pointer, if it fails. Syntax Following is the basic syntax of malloc(): pointer_name = (cast-type*) malloc(size); Here, pointer_name : Any ... Read More

new/ deleteThe new operator requests for the memory allocation in heap. If the sufficient memory is available, it initializes the memory to the pointer variable and returns its address.The delete operator is used to deallocate the memory. User has the privilege to deallocate the created pointer variable by this delete operator.Here is an example of new/delete operator in C++ language,Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int main () {    int *ptr1 = NULL;    ptr1 = new int;    float *ptr2 = new float(299.121);    int *ptr3 = new int[28];    *ptr1 = 28;    cout

The string literals are the set of characters which is enclosed in double quotes(“ “). Wide-string literals are prefixed with L always.Types of string literals −Sr.No.String Literals & Description1“ “Unprefixed string literal2L” “Wide-string literal3u8” “UTF-8 encoded string literal4u” “UTF-16 encoded string literal5U” “UTF-32 encoded string literal6R” “Raw string literalHere is an example of string literal in C++ language,Example Live Demo#include #include #include using namespace std; int main() {    wchar_t s[] = L"hello world!";    wcout

Global variables are declared and defined outside any function in the program. They hold their values throughout the lifetime of the program and are accessible throughout its execution. When we use our non-constant global variable in our programs, it becomes harder to manage. So, it is better to use local variables because of specific functions and easier understanding. You can use the prefix g_ for global variable names to avoid naming conflicts and to indicate that the variable is global. There is another way to encapsulate the global variable by defining the variable static. Therefore, these are the reasons behind ... Read More

C++11 is a version of standard C++ language. It was approved by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on 12 August 2011 then C++14 and C++17. C++11 makes several additions to the core language. There are some of the new changes introduced in C++11 − nullptr − In the previous nullptr, zero used to be the value and it had a drawback of implicit conversion to integral value. The null pointer literal is represented by std::nullptr_t. In this nullptr, no implicit conversion exists. Lambdas − The lambda expression allows to define functions locally. Anonymous functions are known as lambda. We ... Read More