C++ Articles - Page 624 of 719

Here we will see how we can make a set for user defined datatypes. The Set is present in C++ STL. This is a special type of data structure, it can store data in sorted order, and does not support duplicate entry. We can use set for any type of data, but here we will see how we can also use set for userdefined datatypes.To use user-defined datatypes into stack, we have to override < operator, that can compare two values of that type. If this is not present, it cannot compare two objects, so the set cannot store data ... Read More

In some cases, especially in competitive programming, we may need to specify the minimum or maximum value of a specific datatype. In C++, each data type has a different memory range under which we can define and declare the value of that data type. But it becomes difficult to remember all the large ranges of each data type. So, C++ has introduced the macros that are used to represent the minimum and maximum range of some datatype. And some data types do not have macros for minimum values, because they are unsigned (means, hold only positive value). So, as their ... Read More

Signals are the interrupts delivered to a process by the operating system which can terminate a program prematurely. You can generate interrupts by pressing Ctrl+C on a UNIX, LINUX, Mac OS X or Windows system.There are signals which cannot be caught by the program but there is a following list of signals which you can catch in your program and can take appropriate actions based on the signal. These signals are defined in C++ header fileSignalDescriptionSIGABRTAbnormal termination of the program, such as a call to abort.SIGFPEAn erroneous arithmetic operation, such as a divide by zero or an operation resulting in ... Read More

Here we will see what is the difftime() function in C. The difftime() is used to get the differences between two time values.difftime() takes two time argument, the first one is the lower bound, and the second one is the upper bound. And it returns the differences between these two arguments.Example#include #include #include main() {    int sec;    time_t time1, time2;    time(&time1);    printf("Current Time: %ld",time1);    for (sec = 1; sec

In C++ and Java, there is another kind of loop, called the foreach loop. This is basically a modification of for loop. This loop is used to access the data from some container. This can access the elements of some array quickly without performing initialization. This loop is used to do something for each element of a container, not doing things n times.Now let us see how the foreach loop is used in C++ and Java.Example#include using namespace std; int main() {    int arr[] = { 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99 };    for (int a : arr) //foreach loop    cout

Here we will see what are the differences between structures in C and structures in C++. The C++ structures are mostly like classes in C++. In C structure, all members are public, but in C++, they are private in default. Some other differences are listed below.C StructureC++ StructureStructures in C, cannot have member functions inside structures.Structures in C++ can hold member functions with member variables.We cannot initialize the structure data directly in C.We can directly initialize structure data in C++.In C, we have to write ‘struct’ keyword to declare structure type variables.In C++, we do not need to use ‘struct’ ... Read More

In C++ the size of the character constants is char. In C the type of character constant is integer (int). So in C the sizeof(‘a’) is 4 for 32bit architecture, and CHAR_BIT is 8. But the sizeof(char) is one byte for both C and C++.Example#include main() {    printf("%d", sizeof('a')); }Output4Example#include using namespace std; main(){    cout

Nowadays the compiler comes with default 64-bit version. Sometimes we need to compile and execute a code into some 32bit system. In that time, we have to use thisS feature.At first, we Shave to check the current target version of the gcc compiler. To check this, we have to type this command.gcc –v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcc COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/7/lto-wrapper OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1 Target: x86_64-linux-gnu ........... ........... ...........Here it is showing that Target is x86_64. So we are using the 64-bit version of gcc. Now to use the 32-bit system, we have to write the following command.gcc –m32 program_name.cSometimes this command may generate ... Read More

Here we will see what are the basic differences of do-while loop and the while loop in C or C++.A while loop in C programming repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true. The syntax is like below.while(condition) {    statement(s); }Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements. The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero value. The loop iterates while the condition is true.When the condition becomes false, the program control passes to the line immediately following the loop.Example#include int main () {    int ... Read More

In C and C++, every function is stored in the computer's memory, and each function has a memory address just like all other variables. In this article, our task is to see how we can access the address of a function and display it in both C and C++. Accessing Address of a Function To access the address of a function, we simply use its name without parentheses. When we print a function name with parentheses like hello(), we're calling the function. But if we print just hello, it gives us the memory address where the function is stored. ... Read More