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Computer Science Articles
Page 14 of 53
What is Computational Model?
It is widely observed that certain computer architecture classes and programming language classes correspond to one another. For example von Neumann architectures and imperative languages, or reduction architectures and functional languages. The corresponding architecture and language classes must have a common foundation or paradigm called a computational model.The computational model comprises the set of following three abstractions are as shown in the figure −The first abstraction identifies the basic items of computation. This is a specification of the items the computation refers to any kind of computations that can be performed on them.For instance, in the Von Neumann computational model, ...
Read MoreWhat are the elements of modern computers?
There are various elements of modern computers which are as follows −Computing Problems − It has been long identified that the theory of computer architecture is no greater limited to the mechanism of the bare machine hardware. A modern computer is an integrated system including machine hardware, an instruction set, system software, application programs, and user interfaces. These system elements are shown in the diagram.For scientific issues in science and technology, the solutions demand complex mathematical systems and endless integer or floating-point computations. For alphanumerical issues in business and government, the solutions demand detailed transactions, huge database management, and data ...
Read MoreWhat are the elements of Bus Design in Computer Architecture?
There are few basic guidelines or design elements that distribute to categorize and differentiate buses.Bus TypesBus lines can be reported into two generic types are dedicated and multiplexed. A dedicated bus line is permanently authorized either to one function or a physical subgroup of computer components. A multiplexed bus line is assigned too many functions based on some parameters.Method of ArbitrationIn all but the simplest systems, more than one module can require control of the bus. Therefore only one unit at a time can strongly transfer over the bus, some method of arbitration is required. Various methods can be classified ...
Read MoreWhat are the hardware components of the Computer System?
The hardware components of a computer are classified into five groups are Input unit, Central processing unit, Output Unit, Control Unit, Arithmetic & logical unit.Input unitInput units are used by the computer to read the information. The most frequently used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks, trackballs, microphones, and so on. Whenever a key is clicked, the matching letter or digit is necessarily interpreted into its equivalent binary code and communicate over a cable to either the memory or the processor.Output unitThe output unit is the reverse of the input unit. When the processor sends the output to the output ...
Read MoreDecimal arithmetic operations in Computer Architecture?
Decimal arithmetic operations refer to a digital function that does decimal micro-operations. This function adds or subtracts decimal numbers by forming 9’s or 10’s complement of the subtrahend. This decimal arithmetic unit first accepts coded decimal numbers and then generates output in the binary form.Algorithms that are used for arithmetic operations with decimal data and binary data are alike. If the micro-operations symbol is interpreted correctly the same flowchart can be used for both multiplication and division.The decimal numbers in BCD are stored in groups of four bits in the computer registers. When performing decimal micro-operations, every 4-bit group represents ...
Read MoreWhat is BCD Subtraction in Computer Architecture?
A subtractor circuit is required to perform a subtraction operation on two decimal numbers. BCD subtraction is slightly different from BCD addition. Performing subtraction operation by taking the 9’s or 10’s complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend is economical.It is not possible to obtain the 9’s complement by complementing every bit in the code because the BCD is not a self- complementing code. The 9’s complement has to be formed by a circuit that subtracts Notes every BCD number from 9.The 9’s complement of a decimal digit that is represented in BCD can be obtained by ...
Read MoreWhat is BCD Adder in Computer Architecture?
BCD adder refers to a 4-bit binary adder that can add two 4-bit words of BCD format. The output of the addition is a BCD-format 4-bit output word, which defines the decimal sum of the addend and augend and a carry that is created in case this sum exceeds a decimal value of 9. Therefore, BCD adders can implement decimal addition.Construction of BCD AdderSum of Binary DigitsSum of BCD DigitsKZ8Z4Z2Z1CS8S4S2S1Decimal00000000000000010000110001000010200011000113001000010040010100101500110001106001110011170100001000801001010019010101001010010111001111011001000012011011000113011101011014011111011115100001010016100011010117100101101018100111101119In this table, K is the carry. The subscripts below the letter Z define the weights. The weights, according to the table, are 8, 4, 2, and 1. These weights can ...
Read MoreWhat is Arithmetic Pipeline in Computer Architecture?
Pipeline arithmetic units are generally discovered in very large-speed computers. It can execute floating-point operations, multiplication of fixed-point numbers, and the same computations encountered in mathematical problems.The inputs to the floating-point adder pipeline are two normalized floating-point binary numbers represented as −X = A x 2aY = B x 2bWhere A and B are two fractions that define the mantissa and a and b are the exponents. The floating-point addition and subtraction can be implemented in four segments, as a displayed figure. The registers labeled R is located between the segments to save intermediate outcomes. The suboperations that are implemented ...
Read MoreWhat is Instruction Pipeline in Computer Architecture?
An instruction pipeline reads consecutive instructions from memory while in the other segments the previous instructions are being implemented. Pipeline processing appears both in the data flow and in the instruction stream. This leads to the overlapping of the fetch and executes the instruction and hence simultaneous operations are performed.There is one possible more event associated with such a design is that instruction can generate a branch out of a sequence. In this method, the pipeline is clear and all the instructions that have previously been read from memory after the branch instruction should be rejected.A computer can be constructed ...
Read MoreWhat is the division of binary numbers in Computer Architecture?
The binary division is similar to division in decimals. The process involves successive comparison, shifting, and subtraction. The division of binary numbers is easy compared to the division of decimal numbers because the quotient is either 0 or 1. It is also not necessary to check the number of times the dividend (partial remainder) fits into the divisor.Divide OverflowIn a computer system, the division operation can lead to a quotient with an overflow because the registers cannot hold a number that exceeds the standard length. To understand this better, consider a system with a standard 5-bit register.One register is used ...
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