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Computer Network Articles
Page 72 of 122
What is E-Governance?
E-governance refers to the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) to government processes and functions to achieve efficient, ethical, accountable, and transparent governance. It encompasses the digital transformation of government services, enabling electronic interactions between government entities and various stakeholders including citizens, businesses, and employees. Through comprehensive multi-stakeholder approaches, e-governance facilitates seamless electronic interactions, streamlining communication between government and non-governmental organizations while improving service delivery to the public. E-Governance Ecosystem Government Digital Services Citizens Business ...
Read MoreXMODEM File Transfer Protocol
XMODEM is a standard file transfer protocol developed by Ward Christensen in 1977. It is a half-duplex communication protocol that sends data in blocks and waits for acknowledgment before transmitting the next block. XMODEM includes effective error detection mechanisms and is widely used in both hardware and software implementations. The protocol organizes file data into packets sent sequentially to the recipient, along with control information that allows the receiver to verify packet integrity. Files are padded with known characters to fill the final block, and file transfer completion is signaled with an end-of-file character. ...
Read MoreWeb Caching and Conditional GET Statements
The activity of saving data for reuse, such as a copy of a web page supplied by a web server, is known as web caching. It is a fundamental technique used to improve web performance and reduce server load. Web caching works by storing frequently accessed content at intermediate locations closer to users. When a user first accesses a page, it is cached or saved, and subsequent requests for the same page are served from the cache rather than the origin server, preventing server overload and improving response times. How Web Caching Works Web caching techniques dramatically ...
Read MoreWhat are Long-Polling, Websockets, Server- Sent Events (SSE) and Comet?
Long-Polling, Websockets, Server-Sent Events (SSE), and Comet are real-time communication techniques that enable persistent connections between client and server. Each method offers different approaches to overcome the limitations of traditional HTTP request-response patterns for real-time applications. Long Polling Long polling is a technique where a client sends an HTTP request to the server and keeps the connection open until the server has data to send back. Instead of immediately responding with empty data, the server holds the request until new information becomes available or a timeout occurs. Long Polling Flow ...
Read MoreWraparound Concept and TCP Sequence Number
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a reliable, connection-oriented protocol in the transport layer of the OSI model. TCP ensures data integrity and delivery through sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and flow control mechanisms. TCP operates by establishing a connection between source and destination before data transmission. It breaks large data into smaller segments, numbers each byte sequentially, and ensures proper reassembly at the destination. This reliable delivery mechanism makes TCP suitable for applications requiring accurate data transmission. TCP Sequence Numbers TCP uses a 32-bit sequence number field to track data transmission. Each byte in a TCP stream is ...
Read MoreVarious Failures in Distributed Systems
In distributed systems, failure handling is a critical aspect of system design. Unlike centralized systems where failure points are limited, distributed systems face multiple types of failures across different components and locations. Understanding these failure types is essential for building robust, fault-tolerant systems. Distributed systems must handle four primary types of failures that can occur at different levels of the system architecture. Types of Failures in Distributed Systems Transaction Failure Logic errors Site Failure System crash ...
Read MoreVoice Biometric Technique in Network Security
Biometrics refers to body measurements and computations linked to unique human traits. Biometric authentication is a type of identification and access control used in computer science for verifying individual identity and tracking people in monitored groups. Biometric identifiers are unique, quantifiable traits used to label and describe individuals. These are commonly classified as physiological features connected to body structure, including fingerprints, palm veins, facial recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina patterns, and even odor signatures. Voice Biometrics Voice biometrics allows users to "speak on the dotted line" as an effective voice signature. This technology ...
Read MoreWhat is Sybil Attack in Computer Networks?
A Sybil Attack is a security threat where an attacker subverts a network service's reputation system by creating a large number of fake identities and using them to gain disproportionate influence. The attack is named after Sybil, the protagonist of a novel about a woman with dissociative identity disorder, also known as multiple personality disorder. In distributed systems and peer-to-peer networks, Sybil attacks exploit the assumption that each participant has only one identity. By creating multiple pseudonymous identities, an attacker can manipulate voting systems, overwhelm consensus mechanisms, or bias reputation systems in their favor. ...
Read MoreTransition from IPv4 to IPv6 address
Many companies have prioritized migration to IPv6 since there is practically no inventory of IPv4 addresses left. However, switching to IPv6 without a lengthy transition procedure is next to impossible. This is due to the fact that IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4. This implies that when hosts and routers are upgraded to IPv6, both the old and new systems must coexist during the transition period. Network Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 Here are the primary techniques for easing the transition between IPv4 and IPv6 systems to tackle the problem of interoperability. ...
Read MoreTCP and UDP in Transport Layer
The Transport Layer (Layer 4) provides crucial services to ensure reliable data delivery between applications. While Layer 3 (Network Layer) uses IP protocol to route packets independently without guaranteeing delivery order or reliability, the Transport Layer addresses these limitations through two primary protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Transport Layer Protocols TCP Connection-oriented Reliable delivery Flow control Error recovery Higher overhead UDP Connectionless Best-effort delivery ...
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