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Computer Network Articles
Page 69 of 122
What are Satellite Microwaves in computer networks?
There are two types of microwaves in computer networks: terrestrial microwave and satellite microwave. Let us discuss satellite microwaves in detail. What is Satellite Microwave? Satellite microwave is a wireless communication technology that uses satellites positioned in space to receive, amplify, and retransmit radio frequency signals between earth stations. The satellite acts as a repeater in the sky, enabling long-distance communication across continents and oceans. The system works by transmitting signals from an earth station to a satellite, which then amplifies and retransmits the signal to another earth station at the destination. The satellites must be properly ...
Read MoreWhat is switching and the types of switching techniques?
Switching is a technique for establishing communication paths and transferring data between devices in a computer network. It enables efficient data transmission by creating temporary or permanent connections between sender and receiver nodes. Switching operates through specialized network devices called switches that intelligently forward data based on addressing information. These devices create dedicated communication paths, reducing network congestion and improving overall performance. How Switching Works Network switches operate by examining the destination address of incoming data and forwarding it only to the intended recipient device. This process involves: Address learning − Switches build MAC address ...
Read MoreWhat is Protocol Layering?
Protocol layering is a network design approach where communication functions are divided into multiple layers, each with specific responsibilities and protocols. This hierarchical structure allows complex network operations to be broken down into manageable, independent layers that work together to enable reliable data communication. When communication is simple, a single protocol may suffice. However, as network complexity increases, dividing tasks between different layers becomes essential. Each layer provides services to the layer above it while using services from the layer below, creating a structured approach to network communication. Protocol Layering Architecture ...
Read MoreWhat is protocol graph? Compare the network interface and protocol
A protocol is a set of rules and standards that define how devices communicate in a network. Protocols are typically organized in layers, where each layer provides specific services and follows its own set of rules for data exchange. When communication requirements are simple, a single protocol may suffice. However, complex network communications require protocol layering, where different protocols operate at different layers. This layering separates services from implementation, allowing modifications to one layer without affecting others. Protocol Graph A protocol graph is a representation of the set of protocols that make up a network system. In ...
Read MoreWhat is delay, the performance metric of the network layer?
The performance of a network can be measured in terms of Delay, Throughput, and Packet Loss. Network delay is a critical performance metric that affects user experience and application performance. Let us understand the concept of delay and its various types in network communication. What is Network Delay? Network delay is the total time taken for a packet to travel from its source to its destination. As a packet traverses through the network, it encounters multiple types of delays at different stages of its journey. Four Types of Network Delay ...
Read MoreWhat are issues in congestion control and how is it handled in TCP/IP?
Network congestion occurs when the demand for network resources exceeds the available capacity, leading to degraded performance. Congestion control is critical in maintaining network stability and ensuring fair resource allocation among users. When a sender transmits more packets than the network can handle, routers become overwhelmed and must queue or discard packets. This creates a cascade effect where retransmissions further increase network load, worsening the congestion problem. Impact on Network Performance Delay-Based Issues Network delay consists of propagation delay (time for signal to travel) and processing delay (time for routers to process packets). When network load ...
Read MoreWhat are issues in congestion and Flow control in LANs?
Let us understand the concept of flow control and congestion control in LANs and the key issues that arise with each approach. Flow Control Flow control is handled by the receiving side and ensures that a sender transmits data only at a rate that the receiver can process and handle effectively. Flow control provides a mechanism to ensure that communication flows smoothly between sender and receiver. For example, if a sender has a high-speed fiber connection but the receiver is on a slower dial-up connection, the sender must throttle its transmission rate to match the receiver's capacity. ...
Read MoreWhat are security issues in IP protocol?
There are three major security vulnerabilities that affect the IP protocol in network communications. These security issues arise because IP was originally designed for a trusted network environment and lacks built-in security mechanisms. Packet Sniffing Packet Modification IP Spoofing Let us examine each security issue and understand how they can compromise network communications. Packet Sniffing Packet sniffing occurs when an unauthorized party intercepts and copies IP packets as they traverse the network. This is typically a passive attack where the attacker simply observes network traffic without altering it. The primary danger of packet ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of ICMP message types?
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that reports errors and provides diagnostic information about network connectivity issues. ICMP messages are categorized into specific types, each identified by a unique type number and accompanied by detailed codes. ICMP message types are divided into two main categories: Error Reporting Messages − Notify about network errors and problems Query Messages − Request and provide network status information ICMP Message Types Error Reporting ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between piconet and scatternet
Let us understand the concept of piconet and scatternet before learning the differences between them. Piconet A piconet is a network created by connecting multiple wireless devices using Bluetooth technology. In a piconet network, one master device exists that can connect to up to 7 slave devices, forming a network of maximum 8 devices total. The master device controls communication and coordinates access to the shared radio channel. Due to the limited number of active devices, channel bandwidth utilization is conservative but sufficient for short-range applications. Piconet Structure ...
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