Found 122 Articles for Biology Articles

Introduction Simple organisms like the unicellular bacteria and protozoa, or the multicellular jellyfish do not possess a circulatory system as diffusion through cell surfaces is enough to supply oxygen and nutrients. In arthropods and molluscs, a simple but open circulatory system is present. However, higher animals such as the vertebrates are equipped with a closed circulatory system that comprises blood vessels. The blood vessels ensure a ceaseless supply of oxygen-rich blood from the heart to every corpuscle at every niche of the body. To ensure that the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood don't mix, the blood vessels have been designated ... Read More

Introduction The living organisms are classified into bacteria, Archaebacteria and Eukaryota. Previously Archaebacteria were considered bacteria because of their small size and absence of a well-defined nucleus. Later they are classified under a separate group from bacteria because of their distinct characteristics. Archaebacteria are prokaryotic single-celled microorganisms. The term prokaryotic casts light on its cellular organisation. They lack a well-defined nucleus and the genetic material is a simple circular chromosome. They have a special ability to survive in envharshironments like boiling waters like hot water springs, extremely saline conditions, or even acidic environments. Archaebacteria are both aerobic and ... Read More

What is Apoptosis? Have you ever seen the feet of a duck? There is the skin between the toes since they are webbed. Did you also know that the webs on your fingers and toes were present before you were born? Your fingers did indeed resemble the webbed feet of a duck. So why they are not any more webbed? You may wear rings on your fingers and move each toe independently because of apoptosis. Cell suicide or programmable cell death is known as apoptosis. It may sound fairly gloomy, yet survival depends on it. Why? Many things, ... Read More

Introduction Water is essential for plants to carry out different life processes like photosynthesis, germination and transportation of nutrients. The plant body loses water through leaves by transpiration. This exerts pressure along the length of the plant body allowing roots to absorb soil water with minerals. Water and minerals enter the root hair cells by osmosis and are transported across the root cortex to reach the xylem vessels. Xylem vessels occur in the vascular stele and aid the longitudinal transport of water. The xylem and phloem are the vascular components in plants. Xylem transports water while phloem chiefly ... Read More

Introduction The development of a foetus into a male or female individual is dependent on the sex chromosomes it carries. During early embryonic development, however, all fetuses have phenotypically female genitalia. Eventually, at the 6th or 7th week of pregnancy, a gene present on the XY chromosome leads to the development of the fetus into a male. A hormone that takes part in this differentiation is the Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH). This hormone, as the name suggests, works to regress the Mullerian Ducts in the male foetus. The Mullerian ducts, also known as the Paramesonephric Ducts, eventually give rise to ... Read More

Introduction In the developing world, human activities are a major cause that disturbs the natural state of the environment and other organisms, causing them to either perish or become more dangerous than before. Antimicrobial resistance often referred to as AMR is now increasingly viewed as a global health hazard by the WHO because of its serious nature. It has been observed that the ever-increasing usage of medicines like antimicrobials has been aggravating the issue further. Hence studying about this becomes important. What is antimicrobial resistance? Antimicrobial is a wide term that includes antibiotics, antivirals, etc. and is a group ... Read More

Introduction We have all seen a row of ants marching across our ceilings and walls, and must have been curious about their origin and life cycle. Well, ants are a billion−year−old species that have wandered the Earth Ants are small insects that belong to the Hymenoptera order and the Arthropoda class. They originated from the world's largest and most ancient insect colony. A typical ant colony can include up to 20 million individuals, with over 10, 000 species. Formicidae is the scientific name for ants. Ants are fascinating and complex organisms that rely solely on their social structures ... Read More

Introduction Annelids are the segmented invertebrate worms belonging to Phylum Annelida in the Animal kingdom. Annelids are successful in terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Their terrestrial inhabitance demands a moist and humid environment. Phylum Annelida is large and diverse with bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic coelomate invertebrates. The phylum includes filter feeders, predators and blood−sucking parasites also. The members of Phylum Annelida are referred to as Annelids. Most annelids adopt a parasitic or commensal mode of life in their respective environments. Their body sizes range from millimetres to 3 meters. The phylum has its own morphological features which mark the annelids ... Read More

Introduction A complex nervous system is found in Animals. It is an important system that plays a vital role in every aspect of our life and is responsible for all voluntary and involuntary actions of our body. Logical thinking, reading, remembering feeling emotions, and all other complex activities are guided by the nervous system. The nervous system constitutes the nerve network, spinal cord, and brain. All these organs work together and perform complex activities of the nervous system. Animal Nervous System Classification It is a communication network that carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to ... Read More

Introduction The Animal Kingdom is extraordinarily diverse in form and it constitutes millions of species. Studying them individually becomes difficult. This is simplified by classifying animals based on its anatomical features. Since this detailed classification is difficult to memorize, a map establishing the connection between different organisms can be created. The features are given based on the organization, class, phyla, order, etc. This universal classification helps students, enthusiasts and zoologists easily identify the animal easily without any hassle. How is an animal classification map designed The map is designed in the form of a flowchart in which animals are ... Read More