The const member functions are the functions which are declared as constant in the program. The object called by these functions cannot be modified. It is recommended to use const keyword so that accidental changes to object are avoided.A const member function can be called by any type of object. Non-const functions can be called by non-const objects only.Here is the syntax of const member function in C++ language, datatype function_name const();Here is an example of const member function in C++, Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class Demo {    int val;    public:    Demo(int x = 0) { ... Read More

The ceil FunctionThe ceil function returns the smallest possible integer value which is equal to the value or greater than that. This function is declared in “cmath” header file in C++ language. It takes single value whoes ceil value is to be calculated. The datatype of variable should be double/float/long double only.Here is the syntax of ceil function in C++ language, double ceil(double x); float ceil(float x);Here is an example of ceil function in C++ language, Example Live Demo#include #include using namespace std; int main() {    float var = 1234.25;    float res;    res = ceil(var);   ... Read More

The CHAR_BIT is the number of bits in char. It is declared in “limits.h” header file in C++ language. It is of 8-bits per byte.Here is an example of CHAR_BIT in C++ language,Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int main() {    int x = 28;    int a = CHAR_BIT*sizeof(x);    stack s;    cout

The swap() function is used to swap two numbers. By using this function, you do not need any third variable to swap two numbers.Here is the syntax of swap() in C++ language, void swap(int variable_name1, int variable_name2);If we assign the values to variables or pass user-defined values, it will swap the values of variables but the value of variables will remain same at the actual place.Here is an example of swap() in C++ language, Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int main() {    int x = 35, y = 75;    printf("Value of x :%d", x);    printf("Value of ... Read More

The function iswdigit() is a built-in function in C/C++. It checks whether the wide character is a decimal digit or not. It is declared in “cwctype” header file in C++ language while “ctype.h” in C language. It takes a single character which is known as wide character.The characters from 0 to 9 are classified as decimal digits. If the wide character is not a digit, it will return zero(0). If character is digit, it will return non-zero value.Here is the syntax of iswdigit() in C++ language, int iswdigit(ch)Here is an example of iswdigit() in C++ language, Example Live Demo#include #include ... Read More

The function iswupper() is a built-in function in C/C++. It converts the wide character into upper case. It is declared in “cwctype” header file in C++ language while “ctype.h” in C language. It takes a single character which is known as wide character. If the character is upper case, it is converted into it, otherwise no modifications happen.Here is the syntax of towupper() in C++ language, wint_t towupper( wint_t ch );Here is an example of towupper() in C++ language, Example#include #include #include using namespace std; int main() {    wchar_t s[] = L"hello world!";    wcout Read More

The function iswlower() is a built-in function in C/C++. It checks whether the wide character is in lower case or not. It is declared in “cwctype” header file in C++ language while “ctype.h” in C language. It takes a single character which is known as wide character. It will return zero(0), if the character is not a lower case character. It will return non-zero value, if character is lower case.Here is the syntax of iswlower() in C/C++ language, int iswlower(ch);Here is an example of iswlower() in C++ language, Example Live Demo#include #include using namespace std; int main() {   ... Read More

The loss of type and dimensions of an array is known as array decay. It occurs when we pass the array into a function by pointer or by value. Only the address of the first element is sent, which is treated as a pointer. As a result, the original array's size and type information are lost. Because of this decay, sizeof no longer gives the full size of the array but instead returns the size of the pointer. This can cause incorrect behavior in functions that depend on knowing the number of elements. Example of Array ... Read More

Enumeration is a user defined datatype in C language. It is used to assign names to the integral constants, which makes a program easy to read and maintain. The keyword “enum” is used to declare an enumeration.Here is the syntax of enum in C language, enum enum_name{const1, const2, ....... };The enum keyword is also used to define the variables of enum type. There are two ways to define the variables of enum type as follows.enum week{sunday, monday, tuesday, wednesday, thursday, friday, saturday}; enum week day;Here is an example of enum in C language, Example#include enum week{Mon=10, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri=10, ... Read More

Here is the program to convert a string to uppercase in C language,Example#include #include int main() {    char s[100];    int i;    printf("Enter a string : ");    gets(s);    for (i = 0; s[i]!='\0'; i++) {       if(s[i] >= 'a' && s[i] = 'a' && s[i]